A GRAMMAR

OF THE

BOHEMIAN OR CECH LANGUAGE

MORFILL

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK

A GRAMMAR

OF THE

BOHEMIAN OR CECH

LANGUAGE

BY

i i J^ff* j£|

W. R; MORFILL, M.A.

READER IN RUSSIAN AND THE OTHER SLAVONIC LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY

OF OXFORD; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF BOHEMIA

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1899

PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION

I HAVE compiled this Grammar in the hope that a study of the Bohemian language and literature may induce English- men to feel sympathy with the struggles of a noble Slavonic people. Few countries of Europe have made greater efforts in the cause of religious and civil liberty ; and the renaissance of Bohemia in the second decade of the present century must be reckoned as one of the most extraordinary phenomena which the world has ever witnessed. The enthusiasm of a few scholars gave rise to a great political movement. The national spirit was there : it only waited to be quickened.

The Bohemian or Cech l language belongs to the western branch of the great Slavonic family. These languages are now generally grouped by scholars in two classes: (i) the South- Eastern branch, including Old Slavonic (called also Old Bul- garian or Old Slovenish), Russian, Malorussian, White Russian, Serbian, and Slovenish; and (2) the Western branch, including Polish, with the interesting Kashubish dialect, spoken near Danzig ; Bohemian or Cech, spoken in Bohemia and Moravia,

1 By its inhabitants Bohemia is called Cechy ; as a name of the people I have elsewhere ventured to use the form Chekh, so as to preserve the pronunciation. The Polish form ordinarily used in England (Czech) leads to ambiguities.

vi INTRODUCTION

with its cognate Slovak, spoken in Hungary; Upper and Lower Serbish, called incorrectly Wendish, spoken about Bautzen (in Saxony) and Kottbus (in Prussia) ; and the extinct Polabish, once spoken in what was afterwards the kingdom of Hanover. The Slavonic people called Cechs first made their appearance in the territory which they now occupy about 451 A. D. It had previously been settled by the Boii (hence the usual name of the country, as if home of the Boii), a Keltic tribe, and the Marcomanni, a Teutonic tribe.

If we include the Slovaks in Hungary (in the north-west corner, their capital being Pressburg), the Bohemian language is now spoken by more than seven millions1. The Slovakish dialect is to all intents and purposes identical with Bohemian, exhibiting a few peculiarities. Both Kollar and Schafarik were Slovaks, and the writings of Holly, Sladkovic, and Chalupka are perfectly familiar to their Bohemian brethren, although they used the Slovakish dialect.

It is much to be regretted that attempts should have been made to develop it as a literary language; the Slovaks are thereby only playing into the hands of their enemies.

It would be impossible in this Introduction to enumerate more than the most prominent of the Bohemian authors. In the early period we get the so-called Chronicle of Dalimil, which dates from the beginning of the fourteenth century. Of this an excellent edition has been published by Prof. Mourek, of Prague, from the MS. preserved in the Library of Trinity

1 See article by the late Prof. Sembera in the Casopis Musea Krdlovstvi Ceskeho. The exact number, according to him, is 7,581,187.

INTRODUCTION vii

College, Cambridge (Kronika Dalimilova podle Rukopisu Cam- bridgeske'ho. Prague, 1892). To the fourteenth century also belongs the Alexandrets, which is a free adaptation from the Latin. Jirecek assigns it to a period as early as the thirteenth century. At the beginning of the fifteenth century a complete version of the Bible was in existence. Before, however, we leave the fourteenth century we must mention some satirical poetry, the most curious of which is perhaps ' The Groom and the Scholar ' (Podkoni a Zdk\ which gives us a quaint picture of mediaeval manners. To this period also belong the poems of Smil Flaska. But the greatest literary figure is Thomas Stitn^, who has left some interesting moral treatises in the vernacular, which show how well developed Bohemian prose was at this early period. The addresses of Sti'tny to his children were edited by Erben in 1852 (Knffiky Sestery o obecnych Vecech Kresfanskych). He is supposed to have died about 1400.

Here may be mentioned a Bohemian version of the History of the Trojan War, composed by Guido of Colonna, from Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius, which, to judge from the number of MSS. in existence, must have been very popular. It was printed at Pilsen in 1468, and was one of the first books which issued from the Bohemian Press. We now come to the great name of Hus, a man whose life is too well known to need a detailed account. I shall confine myself to his influence upon Bohemian literature. During the latter part of the fourteenth century and the beginning of the fifteenth the University of Prague was at the height of its splendour. The doctrines of Wickliffe were introduced into the country by the mysterious

viii INTRODUCTION

Englishman, Peter Payne, a man destined to make a great reputation in Bohemia, although not much is known about his life in his native country1. Hus was born in 1369, took the degree of M.A. in 1396, and was made rector of the University of Prague in 1402. All have read how he attended the Council of Constance and was there burnt in 1415. Hus wrote a great deal in Latin, but also in Bohemian. His works in the latter language were collected and edited by Erben in 1865-68. They are for the most part controversial. One of them is entitled, Dcerka aneb o pozndm cesty prave k spaseni (The Daughter, or the Knowledge of the Right Way to Salvation) 2. Hus corrected the Bohemian translation of the Bible, and may be said to have fixed the orthography of the language ; in the present century a few modifications have been introduced, thus w is now always written v, au has become ou, and g has given place to j. It may be as well to mention these changes in case any students should refer to old Bohemian books s . The country was now for some time agitated by religious factions. We can only briefly allude to the famous captain, Jan Zizka, who fortified his camp in an original manner, which has been frequently imitated since.

About this time translations of the travels of Marco Polo, and of those which went under the name of Sir John Mandeville, made their appearance. Peter Chelcick^ deserves a brief mention. He was one of the leaders of the United Brethren, and, being a cobbler by trade, was nicknamed Kopyto, or the shoe-last.

1 See A Forgotten Great Englishman, by James Baker, London, 1894.

2 See John Hus, by A. H. Wratislaw, London, 1882.

8 The progress of Bohemian orthography is clearly given by Gebauer.

INTRODUCTION ix

His works were written between 1430 and 1456. The most celebrated are his Postils and the Net of Truth. He was a great denouncer of war, somewhat anticipating the views of the Quakers and some of the recent Russian sects.

In the sixteenth century the country felt the full influence of the Renaissance, and many translations from the classics appeared. Especially to be mentioned are Adam Daniel Veleslavin and Hrub^ z Jelenf, or Gelenius as he was called, according to the prevalent fashion of latinizing names. To the sixteenth century also belongs the chronicler Vaclav Hajek, a very interesting writer, although somewhat inaccurate and fond of fables, as our own Holinshed was.

In spite, however, of the spirited attempts of the Bohemians to preserve their constitution and language, as shown by the enactment of the Statute of 1615, that no one could hold office in Bohemia who was unacquainted with Cech, their inde- pendence was crushed at the terrible battle of the White Mountain in 1620.

For two centuries Bohemia practically disappears from the literary history of Europe. Such books as were produced were almost exclusively the works of exiles, as those of the great pedagogue Komensk^, called among us by his Latin name Comenius (1592-1670). Besides his Latin works he wrote many in the vernacular, and the loss of the MS. of his great Bohemian dictionary is especially to be regretted1. Towards the close of the eighteenth century and in the earlier part of

1 See the excellent Life of Comenius by Prof. Kvacala, in German. (Leipzig, 1892.) Also Great Didactic of Comenius, by M. W. Keatinge, London, 1896.

x INTRODUCTION

the present, a revival of the national spirit took place; the Bohemian Museum at Prague was founded in 1818, and the efforts of such men as Dobrovsk^, Palack^, Schafarik, Jungmann, and Kollar placed the Bohemian language on a sure footing. Palacty told the world his country's history, Schafarik traced the ancient abodes of the Slavonic race, Jung- mann published a copious dictionary of the Bohemian language, and Kollar became the national poet. Their work has been continued till the present day, and Bohemia can now boast a goodly array of authors, including such names as Vrchlick^, Svatopluk Cech, Sladek, Eliska Krasnohorska (the nom de guerre of Jindriska Pech), Prof. Kalousek, the historian, and many others. The reader who wishes to know something of the earlier literature may be referred to the pages of Count Liitzow's book (Bohemia, an Historical Sketch'1. London, 1896).

The plan of the present little work may be stated briefly as follows. The classification of the nouns and verbs is based, with only slight modifications, upon those given by Miklosich in his great Comparative Grammar (Vergleichende Grammatik der Slavischen Sprachen. Second Edition, Vienna, 1876). The language is thus brought into harmony with the principles which I have endeavoured to carry out in my Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian grammars. As I have said on previous occasions, in order to understand these languages thoroughly we must always keep in mind the relations in which they stand to the oldest Slavonic known, i.e. the Palaeoslavonic,

1 There is also an account by the present writer : Early Slavonic Litera- ture, London, 1883. For those who can read Bohemian, see Tieftrunk, Historic Literatury Ceske (several editions).

INTRODUCTION xi

as it has come down in the translation of the Bible and other works. When we make a comparative study of the Slavonic languages, we feel how one explains the other and how apparent anomalies are removed. I have consulted many grammars of the language. The volumes of the monu- mental work of Gebauer which have appeared up to the present time (Historickd Mluvnice Jazyka Ceskeho) have been constantly used ; much useful information has been furnished by the Bohemian Grammar of Joseph Masafik (Bohmische Schulgrammatik, Prag, 1878) and the handy little volume published in Hartleben's series by K. Kunz, Die Kunst die Bohmische Sprache schnell zu erlernen, and also by the Bohemian Grammar of J. Fr. Vymazal, Briinn, 1881. To those acquainted with the German language there are abundant facilities for acquiring Bohemian, but in English the only available works are two dictionaries, the first by Prof. V. E. Mourek, of the University of Prague, of which the English-Bohemian part has appeared and a portion of the Bohemian-English, and an English-Bohemian and Bohemian-English Dictionary, pub- lished by Karel Jonas, lately deceased, at Racine, in Wisconsin, U.S. For Bohemians desiring to learn English there are the Ucebne' Listy Jazyka Anglicktho pro Samouky (Handbook of the English language for self-instruction), by Dr. V. E. Mourek, and a convenient little Grammar by Prof. Sladek.

For those desirous of pursuing further studies in Bohemian literature the following books may be recommended : —

(i) Vybor z Liter atury Ceske' (Selections from Bohemian litera- ture), two large volumes of which have appeared, published at the expense of the Matice Ceska or Bohemian Literary Society.

xii INTRODUCTION

In the second volume the extracts are continued to the end of the sixteenth century. Persons to whom the subject is un- familiar will be surprised, on opening these volumes, at the riches of old Bohemian literature.

(2) Anthologie z Literatury Ceske (Anthology of Bohemian literature), by Joseph Jirecek, of which several editions have appeared. This excellent book gives selections from the earliest times to the present day.

A good summary of Bohemian history will be found in the Deje Krdlovstvi Ceskeho (History of the Kingdom of Bohemia), by Prof. Tomek, to which Prof. Kalousek has added three excellent maps. It is a great pity that this work has not been translated into English. As yet we have been too content to learn about the Bohemians from people who are interested only in depreciating them, but the valuable work of Count Liitzow previously alluded to will no doubt do much to dissi- pate the prejudices of ignorance. As I have not space on the present occasion to give a complete sketch of Bohemian literature, I am obliged to pass over many other valuable works.

I have also with reluctance been compelled to omit extracts from the older Bohemian literature, for fear of confusing the student with archaisms. It will be observed that many of the passages selected for translation are from the useful work of Prof. Tomek already alluded to — Deje Krdlovstvi Ceske'ho, Prague, 1891. The English may occasionally appear some- what clumsy, but it was not considered advisable to depart too much from the Bohemian idiom.

W. R. M.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction v

I. Phonology.

The Alphabet I

The Consonants 3

II. Accidence, (i) INFLECTED PARTS OF SPEECH :—

The Noun 5

First Declension : a-stems ..... 6

Second Declension : o-stems 9

Third Declension: Feminines in a and e . . . 10 Fourth Declension: u-stems . . . . .11

Fifth Declension : i-stems II

Sixth Declension : Consonantal Stems ... 12

(1) v-stems . . 12

(2) n-stems : —

(a) Masculine 12

(b) Neuter 13

(3) s-stems 14

(4) t-stems 15

(5) r-stems 15

The Adjective .16

Comparison of Adjectives 19

vsecek or vsechen, all 20

xiv CONTENTS

PAGE

Numerals : —

(1) Cardinal 20

(2) Ordinal . . .21

The Hours of the Day 23

Fractions of Numerals 23

Collective Numerals 23

The Pronoun : —

The Personal Pronoun 24

The Reflexive Pronoun 25

Possessive Pronouns ....... 26

Demonstrative Pronouns 27

Relative and Interrogative Pronouns .... 28

Indefinite Pronouns 29

The Verb 30

The Prepositional Prefixes 31

(1) The Infinitive Stem 34

The Aspects of the Verb 34

(2) The Present Stem 36

A. Conjugation with the Present Suffix :—

First Class. Stems without Connecting Vowel : —

(1) Those inland/ 37

(2) Those in s 37

(3) Those in b and v 38

(4) Those in h and k 38

(5) Those in m and «, nasal stems . . 39

(6) Those in r and /..... 39

(7) Those which end in a vowel . . .40

Second Class. Stems with Connecting Vowel: — na-stems ....... 41

Third Class. Stems with Connecting Vowel <? :— First Group ....... 41

Second Group . . . . . .42

Fourth Class. Stems with Connecting Vowel / 42

CONTENTS xv

Fifth Class. Stems with Connecting Vowel a : —

First Group 43

Second Group . . . . . . 43

Third Group .44

Fourth Group 45

Sixth Class, ova (u-a) stems .... 45 B. Conjugation without the Present Suffix : —

(1) ved, to know 45

(2) dad, to give 46

(3) jadj to eat 46

(4) je*> to be 46

Voice, Mood, Tense, &c « .46

The Conditional Mood 47

Impersonal Verbs .....*. 48

Reflexive Verbs 49

Irregular Verbs . . 49

The Substantive Verb, byti, to be . . , 52

Paradigm of the Tenses of a Regular Verb . . 54

Participles 56

(2) UNINFLECTED PARTS OF SPEECH :—

The Adverb . . . 56

Prepositions 59

Conjunctions . -63

Interjections 63

III. Syntax.

The Concords . 64

The Noun 64

The Verb :—

The Sequence of the Tenses 67

Purpose 67

Order of Words in a Sentence 68

Passages to be translated into Bohemian ... 70

Some Bohemian Phrases 123

Selected Passages . .127

xvi CONTENTS

Heading Lessons : —

Vineta. (Jan Kolldr) 140

Bohemian Literature under Wenceslaus IV. (Tomek) 141

The Battle. (/. V. Slddek) 142

The Life of St. Vojtech. (Frantisek Palacky} . .143 Love and Death. (Jaroslav Vrchlicky) . . .144 Storm and Peace. (Jaroslav Vrchlicky} . . . 144

An Interior. (Svatopluk Cech) 145

In a Strange Land. (Eliska Krdsnohorskd} . .145 Bohemia after the Thirty Years' War. (/. Maly) . 146 Details of the Poet Kolldr. (Zdenka Semberova] . 147 Palacky and the Frankfort Parliament. (Jan KalouseK) 148 The Death of the Blind King at Cregy. ( V. V. Tomek} 149 Kublaj Chan. Videm' ve snu. (J. V. Slddek) . .150

Vocabulary 153

I. PHONOLOGY

THE Bohemian alphabet has the following letters : —

ERRATA

Page 21, line 16, left-hand column, for prvn read prvni 5> 32> 55 J7? f°r in<*>tka read matku » 37, 5> 3, /<»' past read pass, (passive) „ 48, ,, ii, for w/read «*VA

,, 72, „ 4 , left-hand column, for pojati read />0///z ,, 75, „ 8, right-hand column, for pi'dtely read prdtett ., 125 line 8 from bottom,/^ s.m. r<?a</ s.f.; also on page 153, line 7 from bottom, right-hand column.

Morfill's Bohemian Grammar.

t\ as in Italian.

/, the same sound lengthened.

j, as English y, consonantal.

k, as in English.

/, as in English. Sometimes vocalic ; vide infra,

m, as in English.

B

xvi CONTENTS

PAGE

Beading Lessons : —

Vineta. (Jan Kolldr) 140

Bohemian Literature under Wenceslaus IV. (Tomek) 141

The Battle. (/. V. Slddek) 142

The Life of St. Vojtech. (Frantisek Palacky) . .143 Love and Death. (Jaroslav Vrchlicky] . . .144 Storm and Peace. (Jaroslav Vrchlicky] . . . 144

An Interior. (Svatopluk Cech} 145

In a Strange Land. (Eltika Krdsnohorskd} . .145 Bohemia after the Thirty Years' War. (/. Maly] . 146 Details of the Poet Kollar. (Zdenka Semberovd] . 147

I. PHONOLOGY

THE Bohemian alphabet has the following letters : —

a, as in Italian.

a, the same sound, but somewhat longer.

b, as in English.

c, as ts ; noc, pronounced nots.

c, as ch in church.

d, as in English. d\ as di in Fr. dieu.

e, like a (English), short. <?, like j/<? myet.

f, as in English. This is a letter which does not occur in

any original Slavonic word.

g, hard, but rarely used in Bohemian, its place as early as

the beginning of the thirteenth century having been

taken by h. h, pronounced strongly, like ch in German, in Auslaut

especially.

ch, as in German machen. i, as in Italian. /, the same sound lengthened. /, as English y, consonantal. k, as in English.

/, as in English. Sometimes vocalic ; vide infra, m, as in English.

2 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

n, as in English.

n, as ny.

o, always short.

6, only occurs in the interjection.

/, as in English.

r, stronger than in English. Sometimes vocalic ; vide infra.

r, pronounced rzh, as rec, rzhetch.

s, sharp, as in English.

j, pronounced as English sh.

t, as in English.

/', as in French metier.

u, as oo in English.

*2, the same sound, somewhat longer.

#, also like oo.

v, as in English.

y, as Italian i.

y, same sound, but longer.

z, as in English.

£, as zh, like s in pleasure, or French j in jour.

When the vowels are to be pronounced long they are accented, as a, e, i, {i. Long 6 practically does not exist in Bohemian. It is ordinarily changed into u, which is pronounced like oo (or the o in do).

ou is the only diphthong, and is pronounced something like English oo, only longer, and more of each vowel is heard.

In pronunciation the difficult groups of sounds which occur are frequently softened ; thus, the j is not heard before a con- sonant at the beginning of a word ; jsem, I am, is pronounced sem ; jme'no, a name, me'no ; dcera, a daughter, cera (cf. the Polish corka) ; hrbet, the back, rbet \ hvezda, a star, vezda ; and ctnost, virtue, cnost, the latter now having become the ordinary orthography. In the vocative of the first declension, before e, h

PHONOLOGY 3

becomes z; ch, s ; k, £; r, r; and in the nominative plural, before i (the nom. suffix), h becomes z ; ch, s ; and k, c.

In the third declension of feminine nouns in the dative and locative cases of the singular, the mutations of h, ch, k, and r into z, j, f, r, also take place; thus uciti se uloze, to learn a lesson from uloha ; Pra/ia, Prague ; v Praze, in Prague.

THE CONSONANTS.

The consonants may be thus divided : —

(a) Gutturals : g, h, ch, k.

(b) Palatals:/

(c) Liquids : /, n, n, r, r.

(<?) Dentals : c, 8, d, d\ s, s', t, /', z, z. (e) Labials: b,f, m, p, v.

Or into : —

(a) Hard : h, ch, k, r, n, d, /.

(b) Soft: c,*,d',j,h,r,l,f,L

(c) Indefinite : b,f, I, m, p, s, v, z.

After the hard consonants we get y, y ; after the soft, z, z; and after the indefinite, sometimes y and sometimes i. In this way must be explained the change of h into z or 2, ch into s, k into c (or c). Thus matka, the mother; matce, of the mother: krotky ptdk, the tame bird; krotci ptdci, the tame birds. So also vlk, a wolf; vlti zub, a wolf's tooth: tele, a calf; teleci maso, veal. d becomes z in one instance; as hovezi maso, beef, from hovado, an ox. The remaining hard letters, r, n, d, /, are pronounced soft when written r, n, d', f .

The following table will be found useful for remembering the change of the consonants in Bohemian : —

d into 2. r into r.

h into z, z. s into I.

ch into L t into c.

k into c, c.

B 2

4 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

To avoid hiatus we have the use of: —

(1) The consonant v (thus rukovet, a guide, for rukojet, i.e. taking by the hand) ; navyknotiti, to get used to, where the root is uk, the same as in nauka, art. This v is frequently introduced at the beginning of words. Cf. vajce, an egg, with Russian flfln;o.

(2) The consonant h, as Holomuc, used by the common people for Olomuc.

(3) The consonant/, as/#/', to go, originally iti (see Gebauer, i. 570).

The liquids / and r, between two consonants, have a vocalic sound, as vlk, a wolf, pronounce vulk (the u as in £«/); prst, a finger, pronounce purst ; krk, the neck, pronounce kurk.

Both in English and German this brief e occurs in syllables, and is not pronounced ; cf. silber, silver, with Bohemian brzo, soon ; fackel, a torch, with rekl, he spake ; fachert, with chrt, a greyhound. Cf. also such words in English as gentleman, where there is only a distinct vowel in the first syllable.

The accent in Bohemian is always on the first syllable of a word. Prepositions of one syllable take the accent with a substantive, being considered compounded with the word, but the accent has nothing to do with the length of a vowel. Even in words of four and five syllables the accent is on the first, so that in the accentuation of a word of four syllables there is another accent on the penult, as velebenf, praised ; five- syllable words have sometimes another accent on the penult, sometimes on the antepenult, e.g. velevehlasny> very celebrated.

II. ACCIDENCE

PARTS OF SPEECH may be thus subdivided : —

(1) Inflected — viz. noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb.

(2) Uninflected — viz. adverb, preposition, conjunction, inter- jection.

(i) INFLECTED.

There is no article in the Bohemian language. If we wish to emphasize the word the pronoun ten may be placed before it, or for the indefinite article, jeden. The termination of the definite adjective in -y or -i is also a sign of the article, although its meaning is now somewhat obscured.

THE NOUN.

1 . The following are masculine : —

(a) Those denoting members of the male sex — ucitel, the teacher ; sluha, the servant ; vevoda, the duke ; vudce, the leader.

(b) Those which end in the consonants h, ch, k, r, d, t, n ; b, p, v, /, m, z, s, as dub, the oak ; cas, the time.

(c) Some which end in c, c, oj\ r, I/, and z, as cepec, a cap ; nuz, a knife.

2. The following are feminine: —

(a) Those which express persons of the female sex, as matka, the mother ; pant, the lady.

(b) All substantives ending in a, as noha, the fort; reka, the river, except some denoting offices of men.

6 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

(<r) Many in e, as rule, the rose.

(d) Many in c, <*, d\ n, /, and $, as ret, the speech ; jablon, the apple-tree.

(^) A few in z, as lodt, the ship. 3. Neuter : —

(a) Substantives ending in o, as mttko, milk.

(b) Many in e or e, as /<?/<?, the calf.

(c) Most of those in /, as zdravt, health.

The Noun has two numbers, singular and plural1. There are seven cases — the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, voca- tive, instrumental, and locative. The last case is sometimes called prepositional, because it is only used with certain prepo- sitions. The genitive and accusative singular are the same in the case of animate things of the masculine gender in the first declension.

FIRST DECLENSION, FOR ANIMATE THINGS. a-STEMS (masculine).

holub, a pigeon.

Singular. Plural.

N. holub holubt (-ovi)

G. holub-a holub-u (-uv)

D. holub-u (-ovi) holub-um

A. holub-a holuby

V. holub-e holub-i (-ove)

I. holub-em holub-y

L. v holub-u (-ovi) v holub-ech (-ich)

corresponding to the Russian form in -T>, as pa(yi>, a slave. In

the D. and L. sing, and N., G., V., and L. plur. two forms are in use.

1 The Old Slavonic had a dual, and of this traces may be seen in Bohemian, as N. ruce, hands ; G. and L. rukou ; D. rukdm ; I. rukama ; N. nohy, feet ; G. and L. nohou ; D. nohdm ; L. nohama ; k obrant prav svl narodnosti, kteron MacCaH slapali nohama, to the protection of the rights of their nationality, which the Magyars trod under foot.

ACCIDENCE 7

Nouns having e in the nominative frequently elide it in the oblique cases, as sen, sleep ; gen. sna.

hrdc, a gambler1.

Singular. N. hrdc

Plural. hrdt-i

G. hrdc-e

hrdc-&

D. hrdc-i

hrdc-um

A. hrdc-e

hrdc-e

V. hrdc-i

hrdc-i

I. hrdc-em

hrdc-i

L. z> hrdc-i

v hrdc-ich.

INANIMATE.

strom, a tree. Singular. N. strom G. strom-u D. strom-u

Plural. strom-y (-ovef) strom-u (-uv) strom-um

A. J/T0/W

V. strom-e (-u) I. strom-em L. ^^ strom-e (-u)

strom-y strom-y (-ove) strom-y ve strom-ech (-zc/i).

mec, a sword. Singular.

Plural.

N. *!*;

G. WftT-tf D. ZTZftT-*'

mec-e (-ove) mec-u (-uv) mec-um

A. w^<?

mec-e

V. mec-i I. met-em

met-e (-ove) mec-i

L. z; w^-z'

v mec-ich.

1 But herec, from same root, an actor.

8 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

This declension corresponds to the Russian masc. in B, as KOHL, a horse. To it also belong verbal nouns ending in e, as vudce, the leader ; zrddce, the traitor. In the gen. sing, the termina- tion is in -a only when an animate thing is signified; in the case of inanimate things it is -u, which is encroaching upon the other form (see Fourth Declension). We find, however, -a for the genitive in many names of places, in the names of the months, and those of the days of the week which end in -ek ; as ledna, from leden, January ; pondelka, from pondelek, Monday. We get, however, pdtku from pdtek, Friday, and there are many other substantives which cannot be brought under any rule, as vecer, the evening ; hrbitov, a churchyard ; rybnik, a fishpond ; chleb, bread. Some substantives take both, e.g. dvur, the court; duch, spirit ; hrib, a mushroom ; and sometimes the meaning is thereby differentiated — ze sna, from sleep, and snu, of a dream ; ducha, the spirit ; duchu, breath. In the sing. voc. the common form is in e, as clovek, clovefo, a man ; buh, boZe, the' God. Besides u the locative often ends in -e ; u is used after the prepositions v and na, as v hradu. We are reminded of such forms as the Russian BT> ro,ny; in the year.

The nom. plural ends in -/ in some substantives, such as mesfan, a citizen, mE/ane; those ending in -tel, as prilel, a friend; irregular plural, prdtele.

Plural nominatives in -a have a collective meaning, as lesa. word for lesy.

In the instrumental we sometimes get the old Slavonic form in -mi, as konmi, horses (cf. Russian instances). The noun bratr, brother, has a collective form in the plural, nom. and gen. bralh, dat. brathm, inst. bratry, for bratrimi, loc. bralrich \

1 Stitny uses mild batrie as a plural. See Knizky Sestery o Obecnych Vecech Kres?anskych> ed. Erben, p. 314.

ACCIDENCE

knh, a priest.

Plural. N. knH-i G. knH-i D. knti-im

Plural. N. kon-i G. kon-i D. kon-im

kun, a horse.

Plural. A. knlZ-i I. kne%-imt L. v kne%-ich.

Plural. A. kon-e I. kon-mi L. z> kon-ich.

pritel, a friend.

Plural. Plural

N. pratel-e A. prdtel-y

G. /rfl/<?/ I. pfdtel-y

D. prdtel-um L. v pratel-ich.

The singular of these three nouns is regular.

In the dative singular the syllable -0z> is added to names of living beings, as bratrovi, to the brother ; but JB&h, God ; duck, the spirit ; clovlk, the man ; pan, mister, have only -u. Tistc, a thousand, and loket, an elbow, have in the gen. plural tisic and loket. The syllable -ov in the plural is frequently intro- duced in the nom. and ace., especially in the case of mono- syllables.

SECOND DECLENSION.

O-STEMS.

dilo, a work.

Singular.

Plural.

N. dil-o

dil-a

G. dil-a

dil

D. 'dil-u

dil-um

A. dil-o

dil-a

I. dil-em

dil-y

L. v dil-e

V ffl-it

io BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

pole, a field.

Singular. Plural.

N. pol-e pol-e

G. pol-e pol-i

D. pol-i pol'im

A. pol-e pol-e

I. pol-em pol-i

L. v pol-i v pol-ich. vejce, an egg, has in gen. plural vajec ; dat. vejdm. koristovdni, the acquisition of booty.

Singular. Plural.

N. koristovdn-i koristovdn-i

G. koristovdn-i koristovdn-i

D. koristovdn-i koristovdn-im

A. koristovdn-i koristovdn-i

I. koristovdn-im koristovdn-imi

L. v korisiovdn-i v koristovdn-ich.

This is given as an instance of the ordinary verbal noun.

THIRD DECLENSION. a-STEMS (feminine).

ryba, a fish.

Singular. Plural.

N. ryb-a ryb-y

G. ryb-y ryb

D. ryb-e ryb-dm

A. ryb-u ryb-y

V. ryb-o ryb-y

I. ryb-ou ryb-ami

L. v ryb-e v ryb-dch.

ru$e, a rose.

Singular. Plural. N. rtiZ-e r&Z-e

G. ru%-e ru%-i D. rt&-i r&Z-fm

ACCIDENCE ii

Singular. Plural.

A. ruz-i ruz-e

V. ruz-e ruz-e

I. ruz-i ruz-emi

L. v ruz-i v ruz-ich.

To this declension belong all feminine nouns ending in -a, and some masculine of the same termination (cf. Lat. scurra, verna, &c.), such as pastucha, the shepherd ; vevoda, the duke. To the second group all feminine nouns ending in -e or -e ; dcera, a daughter, following the Old Slavonic form, has dceri in dat. and loc. singular.

FOURTH DECLENSION. U-STEMS.

This declension has now been partly swallowed up by the first. It survives only in gen. singular in -u, dat. and loc. singular in -u, and in the termination -ov, which enters several times into the composition of the cases.

FIFTH DECLENSION.

i-STEMS.

kos/t f. a bone.

Singular. Plural.

N. kosf kost-i

G. kost-i kost-i

D. kost-i kost-em

A. kosf kost-i

V. kost-i kost-i

I. kost-i. kost-mi

L. v kost-i kost-ich.

To this conjugation belong all substantives in b, p, m, s, some in /, v, z, the most in c, d, /, and all in <?, r, s, $, as hus^ the

12 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

goose ; sul, the salt ; moc, the power ; rec, the language ; tvdr, the face.

To this declension also belongs the plural form deti, children, which is supplied to the neuter noun di/e, gen. dite, a child1.

SIXTH DECLENSION.

Consonantal Stems. (i) V-STEMS.

cirkev, a church.

Singular. Plural.

N. cirkev cirkv-e

G. cirkv-e cirkv-i

D. cirkv-i cirkv-im

A. cirkev cirkv-e

V. cirkev cirkv-e

I. cirkv-i cirkv-emi

L. v cirkv-i v cirkv-ich.

Like this noun is declined krev, blood, which is only found in the singular.

(2) n-sTEMS — (a) Masculine.

kamen, a stone2.

Singular. Plural.

N. kdmen kamen-y

G. kamen-e kamen-u

D. kamen-i kamen-um

A. kdmen kamen-y

V. kdmen kamen-y

I. kamen-em kamen-y

L. v kamen-i v kamen-ech.

1 Of this noun there is also another form, ditko-a, neut. ; pi. ditky, ditek, f.

2 Norn, in Old Slavonic KBMH.

ACCIDENCE

Den, a day, is very irregular.

Singular. N. den G. dn-e D, dn-i A. den V. </«-i I. dn-em L. w </»-

Plural. dn-i, dn-ove dn-i, dn-u dn-im, dn-um dn-i, dn-y dn-i, dn-ove dn-i, dn-y ve dn-ech.

In the common expression ve due, by day, it will be observed that another form is used in the locative.

Tyden, a week (a compounded word), is thus declined : —

N. tyden V. tyden

G. tthodn-e I. tjmdne-m

D. te'mudn-i L. v te'mdn-i. A. tyden

This word is rarely used in the plural, nedele being employed in its stead.

Singular.

N. brtme

G. bremen-e

D. bremen-i

A. brime

V. brime

I. bremen-em

L. w bremen-i

(b) Neuier. brime, a burden.

Plural.

bremen-a

bremen

bremen-um

bremen-a

bremen-a

bremen-y

ve bremen-ech.

This form, however, is only occasionally used, and all these nouns are also declined like ordinary neuters of the second declension, having for their nominative the ending -eno', e. g. bremeno, bremena, bremenu. Other nouns belonging to

I4 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

this declension are pismeno, the letter (of the alphabet) ; plemeno, the race ; rameno, the arm ; semeno, the seed ; temeno, the top of the head.

(3) S-STEMS.

nebe, the sky. Singular. Plural.

N. neb-e neb-esa

G. neb-e neb-es

D. neb-i neb-esum

A. neb-e neb-esa

I. neb-em neb-esy

L. v neb-i v neb-e sich.

To this declension properly belong oko, the eye, and ucho, the ear, which are thus declined. The singular is like the ordinary neuter substantive in -0; the plural has disappeared except in a few special uses and is now supplied by the dual. Thus :—

N. oft, the eyes

G. o!-f

D. Mm

A. oci

V. oH

I. oc-ima

L. v o2-zch.

N. us-fj the ears

G. us-i

D. us-im

A. w^-z

V. us-t

I. us-ima

L. z> us-zch.

Although the singular of these nouns is neuter, the dual is considered feminine, and thus we have modre' oti, blue eyes. When an adjective or a possessive pronoun is used with the instrumental for the sake of euphony, it takes a dual form, as slysel sem to svyma vlastmma uh'ma, I heard it with my own ears.

ACCIDENCE

(4) t-STEMS.

hribe, a foal.

Singular.

Plural.

N. hrib-l

hrib-ata

G. hrib-ete

hrib-at

D. hrib-lti

hrib-atum

A. hrib-e

hrib-ata

I. hrib-ltem L. w hHb-lti

hrib-aty

v hrib-atech.

To this declension belong a great many substantives which express animate things, as devce, a girl ; zvire, a wild beast ; ktire, a fowl ; also hrabe, a count, and kni%e, a prince ; pa%e, a page, and others.

(5) r-STEMS.

mdti, a mother. Singular. Plural.

N. mdt-i mat-ere

G. mat-ere mat-eri

D. mat-eri mat-enm

A. mat-er mat-ere

I. mat-eri mat-er mi

L. v mat-eri v mat-erich.

In the same way is declined neti, a niece1; the place of the old form dci properly belonging to this declension is now taken by dcera. Mai or mati is now but little used, its place being taken by matka, which together with dcera, daughter, belongs to the third declension.

Some nouns are only found in a plural form, as Cechy, Bohemia, thus : Cechy isou cdsti Rakouska, Bohemia is a part of Austria.

1 According to Gebauer, Mluvnice, iii. 428, this is quite a modern adaptation.

i6

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

THE ADJECTIVE.

The Adjective, as in the other Slavonic languages, can take both a definite and an indefinite form, but the definite form is now practically confined to the sing. nom. masc. (as in Bulgarian); the other cases are identical. The definite form has the article -y appended, and those adjectives which are primarily without it, and have a predicate form, as zdrdv, well, can be made definite with this addition, as zdrdv$\ in this form it can go either before or after the noun. There are two classes of adjectives.

First Class, ending in -y : —

silnjf, strong. Singular.

Fern. Neut.

siln-d siln-e'

siln-e' siln-e'ho

siln-e siln-e'mu

siln-ou siln-e

siln-d siln-e

siln-ou

Masc. N. siln-y G. siln-e'ho D. siln-emu A. siln-e'ho, silny V. ' siln-y I. siln-y m L. v siln-e'm

v siln-e

siln-ym v siln-em.

Plural.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

N. sil-ni, silne

siln-e

siln-d

G. siln-ych

siln-ych

siln-ych

D. siln-ym

siln-ym

siln-$m

A. siln-e

siln-e

siln-d

V. si'l-n^sil-nt

siln-e

siln-d

I. siln-y mi

siln-ymi

siln-ymi

L. v siln-ych

v siln-ych

v siln-ych.

ACCIDENCE

Second Class, those of one ending : —

dnesni, belong to to-day. Singular.

Masc. Fern.

N. dnesni dnesni

G. dnesn-iho dnesni

D. dnesn-imu dnesni

A. dnesn-iho^ dnesn-i dnesni V. dnesn-i dnesni

I. dnelnim dnesni

L. ve dnesnim dnesni

Neut. dnesni dnesn-iho dnesn-imu dnesni dnesni dnesni dnesni

Plural.

For all genders. dnesni dnesn-ich dnesn-im dnesn-i dnesn-i dnesn-imt ve dnesn-ich.

Plural.

krdlovi synove* krdlovych synu krdlovym synum krdlovy syny krdlovi synove krdlovymi syny o krdlovych synech.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.

These are formed from- masculine nouns by the addition of -uv, -ova, -ovo to the noun, thus : — Singular.

N. krdluv syn, the son of the king

G. krdlova syna

D. krdlovu synu

A. krdlova syna

V. krdluv synu

I. kralovym synem

L. o krdlovi synu

In the case of animate things singular the accusative (like the genitive) ends in -a\ in the case of inanimate it is like the nominative. In the plural the nom. and ace. end in -/ if the noun is animate, and -y if it is inanimate.

Singular. Feminine. plural

N. krdlova zahrada, the king's garden krdlovy zahrady

G. krdlovy zahrady krdlovych zahrad

D. krdlovi zahrade krdlovjme zahraddm

A. krdlovu zahradu krdlovy zahrady

V. krdlova zahrado krdlovy zahrady

I. krdlovou zahradou kralovymi zahradami

L. v krdlovi zahrade v kralovych zahraddch.

c

i8 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Neuter.

Singular. Plural.

N. krdlovo slovo, the king's word krdlova slova G. krdlova slova krdlovych slov

D. krdlova slovu krdlovym slovum

A. krdlovo slovo krdlova slova

' V. krdlovo slovo krdlova slova

I. krdlovym slovem krdlovjmi slovy

L. v krdlovl slove v krdlovjch slovich.

If the noun ends in a vowel the termination -uv, -ova, -ovo is added ; e. g. vudce, the leader ; vudcuv, of the leader.

Feminine nouns make the possessive adjective in -in, -ma> -mo, which are affixed to the stem, .the final vowel being cast away, as -maeecha, the step-mother ; macesm, belonging to the step-mother (favourite Slavonic mutation of ch into s. See p. 3). From adjectives of this description the proper names in Russian have been formed ; but in Bohemian they are commonly diminutives, as Jiricek (lit. Little George), or parti- cipial forms ending in-/, as Pospilil.

The accusative of the singular in masculine adjectives applied to inanimate beings is like the nominative ; applied to animate it is like the genitive. In the nominative plural the masculine adjective, when it is used with inanimate things, ends in -e, as zelene duby, the green oaks. Before -t in the plural of the adjectives h is changed into z, ch into s, k into c, and r into r. Adjectives ending in -sky and -cky change into -sti and -cti in the plural, as Stavove celti z te priciny, sesedse se v nlkterem poclu v Praze, the Bohemian Estates from that cause having assembled in a certain number in Prague.

The adjectives used as substantives are declined like sz'Iny, as poddany, the subject; hospodsky, the innkeeper; polesny, the forester. Feminine: Panskd, the chambermaid; krejcovd, the female tailor. Neuter : dobre, good ; mostovt, toll paid to go over a bridge.

ACCIDENCE 19

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

The comparative degree is formed by adding to the stem of the adjectives the terminations -Ijli or -ejli, -sz or -i.

1. The ending -ejst (-ejst) is put after adjectives ending in -ty, -ry. -mji, -ny, as rychly, quick, rychlejsi ; also after those in -v$, -ty, -sky, -c/y, and some in -<5/, -py; when hard, the termination of the stem being changed into a soft consonant.

2. The ending -«', before which h goes into # and ch into s, is placed after the stem in adjectives in -by, -df, -hy, -chj, as tichy, quiet, /zLV; in the case of adjectives ending in -/£/, -ekf, -o&y, the termination is cast aside in the comparative as in Russian (the k being a mere suffix to form the adjective), as hluboky, deep ; hlubsi, deeper. There are, however, a few instances where the k is preserved in a modified form, as —

lehkj, easy lehci, easier

mekky, soft mekci, softer.

Some comparatives take both forms, as —

cisty, pure cistn, cistejli, purer

tmavy, dark tmavli, tmavejsi^ darker.

The following comparatives are altogether irregular : —

dobry, good lepsi, better

veliky, great vetsi, greater

zly, bad horsi, worse

mdly, little rnenh', less

dlouhy, long delsz, longer.

The superlative is formed by prefixing the syllable nej- to the comparative, as tvrdy, hard ; tvrdsi, harder : nejtvrdsi, the hardest.

The comparative and superlative adjectives are declined like dnelni.

C 2

20

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Masc.

N. vsechen

G. vseho

D. vsemu

. (vseho, animate

(vsechen, inan. I. L.

vsechen, all.

Singular. Fern.

Neut.

vsechna

vli

vsechno, vse vseho

vh'

vsemu

i

vsechno, vse

vh'

vsim

ve vst

ve vsem.

N.

Masc.

( vlichni

(vsechny, inanimate G. vsech, vsechnech D. vsem, vsechnem A. vsechny I. vsemi L. 2

Plural. Fem.

vsechny

Neut. vsechna, vse

for all three genders

vsechny vsechna, vse

vsechnemi } pOr all three ve vsechnech j genders.

Besides vsechen^ vsechna, vsechno there are also found vsecek, vsecken, vsecka, vs'eckna, vsecko, vseckno, veskeren (all collectively, like Latin cunctus), veskera, veskero; plural, veskeri (veskery}, veskery, veskera; ace. plural, veskery, veskera. All the rest declined like silny; thus, veskereho, velkere, &c.

NUMERALS, (i) CARDINAL.

1. jeden, jedna, jedno

2. dva, dve.

3. tri.

4. ctyfi. 5- pet.

6. sest.

7. sedm.

8. osm.

9. deve't. 10. deset.

ACCIDENCE

21

ii. jedenact.

60. sedesat.

12. dvanact.

70. sedmdesat.

13. trinact.

80. osmdesat.

14. ctrnacf.

90. devadesat.

15. patnacf.

100. sto.

1 6. sestnacf.

200. dve ste.

17. sedmnacl

300. tri sta.

1 8. osmnacf.

400. ctyfi sta.

19. devatenact.

500. pet set.

20. dvacet.

1,000. tisfc.

21. dvacet jeden.

2,000. dva tisfce.

22. dvacet dva.

10,000. deset tisfc.

30. tricet.

100,000. sto tisfc.

40. ctyricet.

1,000,000. million.

50. padesat.

(2) ORDINAL.

Ist. prvntor prv/.

1 8th. osmnacty.

2nd. drub/.

19th. devatenact/.

3rd. tfetf.

2oth. dvacat/.

4th. ctvrt/.

2ist. dvacaty prvnf or jeden

5th. pat/.

a dvacat/.

6th. sest/.

22nd. dvacaty drub/ or dva

7th. sedm/.

a dvacaty.

8th. osm/.

30th. tficat/.

ifth delS

5oth. padesat/.

nth. jedenact/.

6 oth. sedesat/.

12th. dvanact/.

7oth. sedmdesat/.

13th. trinact/.

8oth. osmdesat/.

14th. ctrnact/.

9Oth. devadesat/.

15th. patnacty.

100th. St/.

1 6th. sestnact/.

2ooth. dvoust/.

i7th. sedmnact/.

300th. tfist/.

22

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

400th. ctyfst^.

500th. p^tist^.

6ooth. sestisty.

7ooth. sedmist^

8ooth. osmisty.

900th. devitist^.

i,oooth. tisici.

2,000th. dvoutisicf.

io,oooth. desititisicf.

ioo,oooth. stotisicf.

The following are the chief rules for the use of the numerals:— Jeden, jedna,jedno is declined like an adjective and agrees with its noun.

N. A. dva, dve (the last for fern, and neut.) G. L. dvou D. I. dvlma. In the same way is declined oba, both ; obe, obou, obema.

I. tremi L. ve trech.

N. A. tri G. tri D. thm

N. A. ctyri G. tty? D: ctyrem

I. ttytmi L. ve ctyrech.

It will be seen that the first four numerals are used as adjectives and agree with the nouns to which they belong, as dve jablka, two apples ; ctyri mu%ove, four men ; tri %eny, three women. The rest of the numerals from pet onwards are treated as substantives and take the noun, which goes after them in the genitive plural, as pet hrusek, five pears. This, how- ever, only applies to the numeral when used in the nominative and accusative cases; in all the other cases it is used as an adjective and agrees with its noun; e.g. plti hruskami, with five pears.

From pel inclusive to devlt a devadesdt (99) the nominative, accusative, and vocative of the numerals are the same, the remaining cases take the suffix -i. Sto (100) and tisic (i,coo)

ACCIDENCE 23

are substantives ; sto is declined like slovo and tisic like hrac. The dual is still found with sto> as dve stl (200), th sta (300), ctyh sta (400), pit set (500). Tisic has in the gen. plur. tisic and tisicu; sto generally remains undeclined, especially after prepositions ; prld sto lety.

THE HOURS OF THE DAY.

The following phrases will illustrate some of these : —

Pul treti, half-past two.

Tri ctvrti na treti, a quarter to three.

Ctyh minuty na ctvrtou, four minutes to four.

FRACTIONS OF NUMERALS.

pul, polovice, a half. dve pule, two halves. tretina, a third. dve tretiny, two-thirds. th ttvrte, three-fourths. ctyh pltiny, four-fifths. sestma, a sixth.

COLLECTIVE NUMERALS.

Such are dvojice^ a couple ; patero^ five together ; sedmero, seven together, and others. It is no doubt from the point of view of the numbers being taken collectively that we are to explain the use of the neuter in the predicate when the subject expresses a quantity, as in the following instances : Pltjabkk mnl zbylo, I had five apples over. Ctyri sta jich padlo, four hundred of them fell. (Cf. Russian idiom.)

Distributives are expressed by the preposition po. Dal jim po lesti zlatych, he gave them six florins apiece.

24

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

THE PRONOUN. PERSONAL. Singular.

N. jd, I

ty, thou

G. mne-ml, of me

tebe-te, of thee

D. mne-mi, to me

tobe-ii, to thee

A. mne-me, me

tebe-te, thee

I. mnou, by me

tebou, by thee.

L. ve nine, in me

v tobe, in thee.

Plural.

N. my, we

z>y, ye

G. nds, of us

vds, of you

D. ndm, to us

z>fl/0, to you

A. nds, us

vds, you

I. fltfffzz', by us

z>0#«', by you

L. v nds, in us

ve vds, in you.

Singular.

Masc. Fern.

Neut.

N. on, he ona, she

ono, it

G. jeho, ho, of him /f, of her

jeho, ho, of it

D. jemu, mu, to him ji, to her

jemu, mu, to it

A. jeho, ho,jej, him yz^ she

>, it

I. jim, by him ji, by her

y/tfz, by it

L. z> mm, in him z> »/, in her v nem, in it.

Plural.

Masc.

Fern. Neut.

N. oni (ony, inanimate), they

ony ona

G. jich D. yVw A.>

The same as the masculine.

L. z; nick

ACCIDENCE 25

The nominative on and its corresponding feminine and neuter forms are supplied to the pronoun of the third person from another source. (Cf. onen, ona, ono, that.) The rest of the cases are, as will be observed, cognate with the suffixes of the oblique cases of the definite adjective.

The form of the accusative neuter is peculiar, because in all other instances the accusative of the neuter is identical with the nominative. In Old Slavonic the nominative was H, nate.

The genitive case of the pronoun 3rd person jeho (ejus, avrov) is used as a possessive, in the same way as in Greek and Latin, as kunjeho, his horse, both for the masculine and neuter ; je/t, her (ejus, avrrjs)), for the feminine, and jejich or jich, their (eorum, earum, avrfov). With words in the plural the form jejich is used for the fern. sing, (ejus, avr^s).

The oblique cases of the pronouns in the 3rd person take the letter -n when they are preceded by a preposition ; but this addition does not take place when the genitive feho, ji, &c., serves as a possessive pronoun, e.g.: sli sme do jeho zahrady, we went into his garden ; but sli sme k mm, we went to them.

THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

A. sebe, se

G. sebe, se D. sobe

s

ou

I. seb L. v sobe.

The peculiarity of the reflexive pronoun in the Bohemian and other Slavonic languages is that it may be employed indiscriminately for all the three persons ; and the same may be said of the possessive adjective svtij, which is always reflexive, like the Latin suus.

The short forms mi, ti, si are enclitics, and cannot be used at the beginning of a sentence ; nor can they be employed after prepositions, as u mne, at my house ; k tobe, to thee.

The datives ti and vdm can be used ethically, as in Latin and Greek. In the case of ti even the i is frequently ejected at

26

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

the end of words, vimf-=.vim ti, lit. I know for you, i.e. There you see, I know \

Some of the prepositions are put with the pronoun of the 3rd person masc. in a contracted form. This is constantly found in Old Slavonic, and, of the modern languages, in Polish and Cech. The accusative is used in Cech mostly after the following prepositions : pro, na, o, ve, za ; more rarely after pres, skrz, nad, pod, pred] thus: pron, concerning him, on his account ; nan, on him ; on, concerning him ; ven, in him ; zan, behind him : preseh, over him ; skrzen, through him ; naden, upon him; poden, under him; preden, before him. Cf. the Polish dlan zeh, &c.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

muf, mine.

Singular.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

N. m&j

md, moje

me', moje

G. m-eho

m-e', moji

m-e'ho

D. m-emu

m-e', moji

m-e'mu

A. m-eho (inanimate

m-ou, m-oji

m-e'-, m-oje

things, muj)

I. m-ym

m-ou, m-oji

m-ym

L. v m-em

v me, m-oji

v m-e'm.

Plural.

N. m-oji (mi)

me, m-oje

m-d, m-oje

(inan. me, moje)

G. m-ych

m-ych

m-ych

D. m-ym

m-ym

m-ym

A. m-e, m-oje

m-e\ m-oje

m-d, m-oje

I. m-ymi

m-ymi

m-ymi

L. v m-ych

v m-ych

v m-ych.

In this way are

declined tvuj, thy ;

svuj, his.

1 This seems to be cognate with such forms as Russian let us go.

ACCIDENCE

27

nas,

our.

Singular.

Masc.

Fern.

Neut.

N. nal

nas-e

nas-e

G. nas-eho

nas-z

nas-eho

D. nal-emu

nas-i

nas-emu

A. nas-eho (animate) nas-i nal (inan.)

nas-e

I. nal-im

nas-i

nal-im

L. v nal-im

v nas-i

v nas-en

Plural.

For all genders. nas-i, nas-e (inan.);

F. and N. nase nal-ich nal-im nas-e

nas-imi v nal-ich.

In the same way is declined vas, your. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

ten,

this.

Singular.

Plural.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Masc.

Fem. Neut.

N.

te-n

ta

to

tt(ty)

ty ta

G. D.

to-ho to-mu

te te

to-ho to-mu

$ch\

tlmY™

all three.

A.

to-ho (ten]

tu

to

ty

ty ta

I.

tim

tou

tim

tlmi }

L.

v to-m

v te

v to-m

,v 7 r for all three. v tech]

This may be further strengthened by the addition of -to, as tento, tato, &c.

Like ten, tato, is also declined onen, ona, ono, that ; onoho, one, onoho, onomu, oni (ony), ony, ona, onemi, onech ; no may be added to this word to strengthen it.

ty%, td%, te'%, the same, is declined like slaby, but the enclitic I must be added to each of the cases. Cf. the Russian HCL and ace. It is analogous to the Greek ye.

28 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. (a) Interrogative.

kdo, who ; co, what.

N. kdo, who co, what

G. ko-ho, of whom ce-ho, of what

D. ko-hu, to whom ce-mu, to what

A. ko-ho, whom co, what

I. ky-m, by whom ci-m, by what

L. v ko-m, in whom v ce-m, in what.

These two pronouns have no plural.

ktery, -a, -e, who, which, is declined like slaby, slabd, slabe\ and h, whose, like dnesni.

(6) Relative. jenz1, who, which.

Masc. Fern. Neut.

N. jenz jez jez

G. jehoz jiz jehoz

D. jemuz jiz jemuz

A. jehoz, jejz jiz jez

L jimz jzz jimz

L. v nemz v niz v nemz.

Plural.

1 Observe the permanent addition of the enclitic.

2 For inanimate things.

ACCIDENCE 29

Before this pronoun an n is inserted after prepositions, as is the case with the personal pronoun of the third person, as already explained ; the fact being that these forms are in origin identical with the third personal pronoun. As I have already said, on, ona, ono, &c., are borrowed. For the gen. fern, the longer form jejflt is sometimes used, and for the gen. plural of all genders jejichb.

As in many other European languages, the interrogatives ktery , kdo, and co can also be used as relatives, and they are declined in exactly the same way1.

co is frequently used for all three genders. It is sometimes colloquially used in a redundant manner, thus : znds toho clovlka co sem s mm mluvil? for s nimz o kterym, dost thou know the man with whom I spoke ? This idiom is also found in Bul- garian, and elsewhere in the Aryan languages. Cf. rjs efxe ™

dvydrpiov avrrjs nvev/Jia aKa

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

1. ka£dft each (like slabf).

2. $ddnj}*t none ; used mostly in the nominative.

3. samy, alone ; sam, self.

4. jtny, another (alius). druhy, the other (alter).

To these may be added ledakdo, whosoever ; ledaco, whatso- ever; kterykoli, whoever.

1 The enclitic z is sometimes added, as kteryz, kdciz. This is the same as the Russian JET^ ace, which however in that language is not added to the word.

2 The etymology of this word is very curious. It is connected with a root meaning ' to thirst,' and thus comes to mean something wanted. Cf. Polish, zaden, thus: aby jemu poddanl neprokazovali zddneho posluten- stvi, that his subjects should show him no obedience.

30 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

THE VERB.

Before discussing the active and passive forms of the verb, and their different meanings when compounded with preposi- tions, I shall discuss the great difficulty of the Slavonic verbs — a difficulty which they all have in common, viz. their division into aspects. The researches of philologists have proved that these aspects are really to be found in the primitive forms of the Aryan verb. Professor Miklosich showed many instances in which such aspects can be traced in other languages (see p. 31).

The aspects are of two kinds — perfective and imperfective.

The perfective aspect denotes either that the action has been quite completed or that it will definitely cease. This aspect has no present tense, strictly speaking, but a present form with a future signification.

Many of the verbs belonging to this perfective aspect are compounded with a preposition; as ponesu, I will bring.

The imperfective verbs express an action that is not com- pleted ; but this may be conceived either (a) as merely con- tinuing, or (£) as repeated at various times. The verbs of the first class are called ' durative/ those of the second class ' iterative/

The perfective verbs are again subdivided, either (a) as they denote completion without regard to the duration of the action, e.g. to do a thing in one or more acts (unconditional perfective verbs); or (<5) with reference to the duration of the action (conditional perfective verbs). In the last case the action may be either (a) one the beginning and end of which are simultaneous, as klesnoul, he sank ; padnoul, he fell ; the action being done rapidly, — once for all as it were : these verbs are called by Miklosich ' momentaneous,' and by Russian grammarians the aspect is called the ' perfect aspect of unity ' ; or (/3) the action may not have a simultaneous beginning and end; and this class is further subdivided into — (i) cases where

ACCIDENCE 31

the action, the completion of which is predicated, is a con- tinuous one, or (2) cases where it is repeated at various times. The first of these Miklosich calls ' durative perfective/ the second ' iterative perfective n.

The aspect of a verb can only be determined by a reference to one of the six conjugations to which the verb belongs, due regard being paid as to whether a preposition is prefixed or not. The scheme given on p. 34 will assist the student in the matter.

There are three moods in Cech : the infinitive, indicative, and imperative ; and three tenses : the present, future, and past.

Each aspect is regularly conjugated according to its own moods and tenses.

The prepositional prefixes are very important, and the leading ones are therefore given here, for they have great influence upon the aspects of a verb, as the reader will see by looking at the scheme of verbs and their aspects on p. 34.

do implies the accomplishment of an action, the carrying of it out to the end, as docetl sem knihu, I have read the book through.

na denotes action upon something, as namazati mdsla na chle'b, to spread butter upon bread, na also frequently has the sense of doing a thing to satiety, as nemu%eme se mu nadiviti, we cannot sufficiently wonder about him.

1 Corresponding examples may be found in other languages. The following example from the excellent Polish grammar of the late Professor Smith, of Copenhagen (Grammatik der polnischen Sprache, Berlin, 1845), w^ illustrate the aspects. Thus in Greek : —

Imperf. rvyxavcu, €TVfxavov (stem rvyxav~)-

Perf. Teu£o/*cu, ZTVXOV (stem TI/X-).

Imperf. fiyvuffKoj, eyi-yvwffKov (stem yiyvwffK-').

Perf. yvwffofiat, eyvow (stem 7^0;-).

We thus see that the imperfective aspect furnishes to the Slavonic verb (i) the present, (2) the imperfect tenses; while the perfective aspect furnishes (3) the future in the simple form as opposed to the compounded and artificial future, (4) the aorist.

32 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

nad denotes upon, as nadepsati, to write upon. Sometimes with this preposition the reflexive is used in the dative, tudy sem si nadesel, here I have come1.

o and ob express round an object; osekati, to cut round. v disappears after b, as oiled, to draw on.

od denotes from, separation, as odtrhnouti, to tear away.

po gives a sense of diminution, as poposedni ddl, sit down a little longer.

pod expresses underneath, as podkopati, to dig underneath.

pro denotes carrying a thing through — prolomiti, to break through ; also loss by this action, as prohrdti, to gamble away one's property, and sometimes to begin, as promluviti, to begin speaking.

pre denotes repetition and moving from one place to another, as preskociti, to leap over; preliti, to sew over again. Con- nected with the first meaning are such expressions as precestiti, to translate into Bohemian. Cf. also matkq. svou pre%ila, she survived her mother.

pred signifies before, as predblhnouti, to outstrip in flight ; predlobiti, to lay before.

pri signifies drawing near to an object, as pristoupiti, to approach.

roz denotes separation, as rozkousnouti, to bite in twain.

j denotes together, as sehnati, to hunt together; sometimes direction downwards from above, as spadnouti, to fall from.

sou signifies together. It is said to be for spolu, as souhlasiti, to agree.

u gives the idea of thoroughness to the verb, as ubehati, to make oneself tired by running.

1 This si (which reminds us of such expressions as ipse sibi in Latin) can be paralleled in other Slavonic languages. Cf. the Bulgarian a3!> HMaiTB napn npn ce6e CH, I have the money with me (Morfill, Short Bulgarian Grammar, p. 23). It is analogous to such expressions as the Russian npeicpacHaH codoio, where the pronoun is quite superfluous.

ACCIDENCE 33

v denotes motion into, as vejiti, to go in.

vy denotes motion from an object, out of, as vyrezati, to cut out.

vz denotes motion upwards, as vzrusti, to grow up.

z gives an idea of thoroughness, as zhynouti^ to perish utterly. s also is sometimes used in the same way, as spaliti^ to burn entirely (comburere).

za implies going beyond the mark, zablouditi, to wander astray. Sometimes (probably from the idea of the incompletion of the action) it implies, to do a thing a little, as zaspivati, to sing a little.

We sometimes find a verb compounded with two and even three prepositions, as po-od-loziti, to lay aside a little ; na-pro- nd-sledovati) to follow a person till one is weary of it.

The following are the original personal suffixes of the verb :—

Singular. Plural.

1 . -m -m

2. -s -te

3. -/ -»/.

The -m of the first sing. pres. is found in verbs III, IV, and V (i), according to the ensuing paradigms1. The nasal of the third person plural has become -ou.

The connecting vowels are e and o ; e.g. perf. part, passive pleten, woven. The verbs which we shall find afterwards in the class marked B have no connecting vowel in the present; as vt-m, I know ; dd-m, I give ; ji-m, I eat ; js-em, I am.

The conjugation of the Bohemian verb will be here arranged according to the system of Miklosich. Before, however, giving

1 The Slovak language, already described in the preface, has -m through- out the verbs. It may here be stated that the oldest forms of Cech show a dual in the verbs, as also in the nouns. These venerable remains, as they may well be styled, are found also in the Upper and Lower Sorbish languages and Slovenish.

D

34 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

the several classes of verbs, it will be as well to quote his analysis of the Slavonic verb generally.

Each verb has two stems, firstly, the infinitive stem, and secondly, the present stem. It is upon the principle of the infinitive stem that the verbs are here arranged.

(i) THE INFINITIVE STEM.

In this the verbs are divided into two classes, according as they add verbal suffixes immediately to the root, or add them to a root or a nominal or verbal stem by means of one of the following suffixes (connecting vowels) : nal, e1, i, a, ua (ova). Putting these two together we may say that verbal stems are divided into six classes : —

(a) Stems without a connecting vowel.

(b) ;/£-stems.

(c) ^-sterns.

(d) /-stems.

(e) <z-stems. (f) 0z><2-stems.

We thus have the verbs divided into six chief classes. These again may be regarded from the point of view of — (i) those which have no preposition prefixed; (2) those which have a preposition prefixed. With reference to their aspects, the verbs are thus arranged under the six classes : —

I. Without the prefix of a preposition —

(a) As a rule imperfective, some durative. There are a few perfective, which must be learned by practice.

(d) Perfective, a few inchoative-durative (i. e. expressing the beginning of an action which lasts).

1 The 0, borrowed from the Polish, is here adopted from Miklosich as a means of expressing the nasal, which originally existed.

ACCIDENCE 35

(c) Durative ; when derived from nouns, inchoative-durative.

(d) Durative ; a few iterative, some perfective.

(e) Those of the first subdivision are durative, if derived from nouns (verba denominaiivd] ; iterative, when derived from verbs (verba deverbativa}\ those of the second, third, and fourth subdivisions of primary verbs are durative.

(_/) Durative if verba denominativa ; iterative when verba deverbativa.

II. With the prefix of a preposition—

(a) Perfective.

(b) Perfective.

(c) In both subdivisions perfective.

(d) Perfective, if durative.

(e) Durative verbs become perfective ; iterative verbs become durative and some perfective.

(/") Verba denominativa, already durative, become perfective ; verba deverbativa, already iterative, become durative1.

1. The suffix of the infinitive is -A", as tvoriti^ to make.

2. Only rarely is the supine found which has the infinitive suffix, minus 2, as spat, to sleep, dormitum.

3. The first past participle active originally had the suffix -s. This however has fallen off, leaving the ending -v, unless declined, when it becomes -vst.

4. The suffix of the second past participle active is -/; this occasionally drops off from lax articulation, as pribeh, he ran up ; spady he fell down ; utek, he escaped. Cf. Russian Beat,

The second past participle with the addition of the present tense of the substantive verb is used as the ordinary way of

1 The student must continually keep this table in mind. It is impossible to master this difficult part of Slavonic grammar at the outset. It must be acquired by reading the language ; but it is better to have the ratio of the verb at once explained.

D 2

36 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

expressing the past tense in Bohemian, the gender being pre- served in the singular ; thus —

dekoval jsem, I have thanked

dekovaljsi, thou hast thanked

dekoval (jest], he has thanked, with a for the feminine and o for the neuter ; And in the plural thus —

dekovali jsme, we have thanked

dekovali jste, ye have thanked

dekovati jsou, they have thanked, with -y for fern, and -a for neuter.

This is now the only past tense in use, the imperfect and aorist having disappeared. The various shades of meaning of the past tense are expressed by the aspects.

5. The suffix of the past participle passive is -n or -/. The form in -/ is more common in the first and second conjugations.

6. The aorist which existed in Old Slavonic and also in Old Bohemian has now completely disappeared.

(2) THE PRESENT STEM.

1. The present suffix is -e, which is lost in some verbs.

2. Imperative. The second singular in -z', the second plural like the present; the accent being on the first syllable. The characteristic -i of the imperative singular is lost in the plural (cf. Russian ciast); and the i in the plural is shortened or omitted, as m'tf/e, look ye (cf. Russian nosBOJiKre).

3. The imperfect which existed in Old Cech has completely disappeared in the modern language.

4. Present participle active. The original suffix of this participle was -nf. (Cf. Ger. gehend?) If it is used in its short form / falls out in Auslaut; and n is amalgamated with the preceding vowel, becoming <?, i} or a, ou ; if, however, the

ACCIDENCE 37

longer form with i at the end is used / becomes c from tj, as hlede, hledici, seeing ; jsoud, being.

5. The present participle past, which in so many of the Slavonic languages has disappeared, is represented in Cech only by fragments, e.g. vedom, known ; zndm, celebrated.

A. CONJUGATION WITH THE PRESENT SUFFIX.

FIRST CLASS. STEMS WITHOUT CONNECTING VOWEL.

(i) Those in d and t.

plesti, to weave.

a. Inf. stem, pkt. Inf. ple's-ti. Past part. act. I. pht. Past part. act. II. plet-l. Past part. pass, plet-e-n. j3. Pres. stem, plet-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. plet-u- plet-e-me

2. plet-e- s plet-e-te

3. plet-e plet-ou. Imp. i. - pkt-me

2. pkt plet-te

3. pkt. pkt-te. Pres. part, active, plet-a.

vldsti (to rule), pasti (to fall), and sjesti (to sit), although existing in O. C. are lost in the modern language, and their place supplied by verbs in the second conjugation, e.g. vlddnu, pddnu, se'dnu. jdu, to go, borrows its past from the root sed, which is identical with chod in choditi, to go. The d has been ejected. (Cf. Polish szedl.) Sometimes we find the form isel with a parasitic *', as is the case in so many of the Slavonic languages. Past part. act. sed: presed pre% hory, having gone over the mountains.

(2) Stems which end in s. ne'sti, to bring.

a. Inf. stem, nes. Inf. ne's-ti. Past part. act. I. nes. Past part. act. II. nes-L Past part. pass, nes-e-n.

38 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

/3. Pres. stem, nes-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. nes-u nes-e-me

2. nes-e-s nes-e-te

3. nes-e nes-ou. Imp. i. nes-me

2. nes nes-te

3. nes nes-te. Pres. part. act. nes-a.

(3) S ferns which end in b and v.

[These are wanting in modern Bohemian, most of the verbs belonging to them being found in the fourth conjugation.]

(4) Stems which end in h and k.

pe'ci, to bake.

a. Inf. stem, pek. Inf. pe'ci. Past part. act. I. pek. Past part. act. II. pek-L Past part. pass, pec-e-n. 13. Pres. stem, pek-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. pek-u pec-e-me

2. pec-e-s pec-e-te

3. pec-e pek-ou. Imp. i. pec-me

2. pec pec-te

3. pec pec-te. Pres. part. act. pek-a.

Important verbs connected with this class are mod, to be able, mohu ; teci, to flow, teku ; vle'ci, to draw, vleku ; $tci\ to burn, Zhu, z%es, %ze, %$eme, %%ete, zhon1. This verb, however, is only used when compounded with roz. Of net, to speak; only rku, I speak, rkou, they speak ; the imperative forms rci,

1 Cf. Russian

ACCIDENCE 39

rceme, rcete ; and the past part. act. II. rekl-a-o are found ; for the rest of this verb we must go to conjug. II. reknu.

(5) Stems which end in m and n.

za-ti (zt-ti)) to reap.

a. Inf. stem, zn. Inf. ziti. Past part. act. I. za-v. Past part. act. II. za-l. Past part. pass. zat.

/3. Pres. stem, zn-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. zn-u zn-e-me

2. zn-es zn-e-te

3. zn-e zn-ou. Imp. i. zne-me

2. zn-i zn-e-te

3. zn-i zn-e-te. Pres. part. act. zn-a.

Many of these verbs are more often used in the form belong- ing to the second conjugation. The appearance of the n and m in the present stem is to be explained by the latent nasal which existed in O. S. and is still preserved in Polish and in its cognate language or dialect, Kashubish. Thus we have po-citi, to begin, po-cnu ; piti\ to stretch, pnu ; titi, to hack, tnu ; £#*", to reap, znu ; douti, to blow out, dmu ; jiti, to take hold of, jmu. (Cf. Russian STB, only used in compounds.) So also Cekh, vziti) to take, v-z-iti (cf. Russian BSSTL), vezmu, I will take ; Imperative — vezmi,vezmeme,vezmete] vzal-a-ojsem, I have taken. Cf. also/a/ se prvni spisovati dljiny zeme ceske, first betook him- self to write the history of the Bohemian land.

(6) Stems which end in r and 1.

mrfti, to die.

a. Inf. stem, mr. Inf. mr-i-ti. Past part. act. I. mr-e-v. Past part. act. II. mr-e-l. Past part. pass, (wanting).

40 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

0. Pres. stem, mr-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i mr-u mr-e-me

2. mr-e-s mr-e-te

3. mr-e mr-ou. Imp. i. - mr-e-me.

2. mr-i mr-e-te

3. mr-i mr-e-te. Pres. part. act. mr-a.

To this group belong the verbs mliti, to grind, melu ; triti, to rub, tru, &c.

(7) Stems which end in a vowel. Mti, to strike.

a. Inf. stem, bi. Inf. bi-ti. Past part. act. I. bi-v. Past part. act. II. bi-l. Past part. pass. bi-t.

/3. Pres. stem, &'-/-*.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. bi-j-i bi-j-e-me

2. bi-j-es bi-j-e-te

3. bi-j-e bi-j-i. Imp. i. - bi-me

2. bi bi-te

3. bi bi-te.

Pres. part. act. bi-j-e.

Some verbs of this conjugation take also a form in /», as znam. Verbs of this conjugation are — pitt, to drink, piji ; %iti, to live, %iji\ plli, to sing, peji\ kryti, to cover, y^r^/V; myti, to wash, ^z^/V; and slouti, to have the reputation, to be called, sluji (cf. Greek K\vfiv). Besides sluji we sometimes get in the present slovu \

So also plouti, to swim ; pres. pluj ; perf. plul and

1 This illustrates such a form as HCHBV as present of verb SKHTB, to live.

ACCIDENCE 41

fut. popluji : zouti, to take off the boots ; sezuji, I will take off my boots : kouti, to forge : douti, to blow ; in pres. both duji and dmu ; perf. dul sem ; fut. naduji *.

SECOND CLASS. STEMS WITH CONNECTING VOWEL.

na-STEMS (<5ech, nou). zdvihnouti, to lift up.

a. Inf. stem, zdvihnu. Inf. zdvihnou-ti. Past part. act. I. zdvihnu-v. Past part. act. II. zdvihnu-L Past part. pass. zdvihnu-t.

£. Pres. stem, zdvihn-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. zdvihn-u zdvihn-e-me

2. zdvihn-e-s zdvihn-e-te

3. zdvihn-e zdvihn-ou. Imp. r. zdvihn-l-m

2. zdvihn-i zdvihn-e-te

3. zdvihn-i zdvihn-e-te. Pres. part. act. zdvihn-a.

Many of these verbs have a tendency to omit the syllable nu, not only, as in Russian, in past part. act. II, but also in past part, passive2. Thus, strhly se opet ruzm'ce, disputes again broke out. This seems especially the case with verbs which have a consonant before the nu. Many verbs are found in this conjugation in Bohemian which belong to the first in the other Slavonic languages.

THIRD CLASS. STEMS WITH CONNECTING VOWEL 6.

First Group, umlti, to understand.

a. Inf. stem, ume. Inf. ume-ti. Past part. act. I. ume-v. Past part. act. II. ume-l. Past part. pass, ume-n.

1 Vide supra, influence of prepositions in forming aspects of verbs.

2 One is reminded of the vv which drops out of certain Greek verbs, as

, to show; first aor. c56t£a.

42 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

ft. Pres. stem, ume-j -e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. um-i-m um-i-me

2. um-i-s um-i-te

3. um-i uml-j-i. Imp. i. uml-j-me

2. uml-j ume-j-te

3. ume-j ume-j-te. Pres. part. act. um-e-j-e.

Second Group, horeti, to burn.

a. Inf. stem, hore. Inf. hor-e-ti. Past part. act. I. hore-v. Past part. act. II. hore-l. Past part. pass, (wanting). ft. Pres. stem, hori-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. hoii-m hon-me

2. hori-l hori-te

3. hor -i hor-L Imp. i. hor-me

2. ^<?r hor-te

3. ^0r hor-te. Pres. part. act. ^0r-f.

The following are irregular : chtiti, to wish, chci, chtll sem ; miti, to have, T?^W, /«!/ sem x ; videti, to see, vidim, videl sem. Imp. ztf'z., ^a// ^, to be afraid, bojim se, bdl sem se ; stati, to stand, stojim^ stal sem, stoj.

FOURTH CLASS. 1-STEMS.

chvaliti, to praise.

a. Inf. stem, chvali. Inf. ckudli-ti. Past part. act. I. chvdliv. Past part. act. II. chvdli-L Past part. pass, chvdl-e-n.

1 miti and yWz (first conj. 5) are connected, being two aspects HMaib, iDiim,; injiti the nasal m has been absorbed. See Miklosich, iii. 386.

ACCIDENCE 43

$. Pres. stem, chvali-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. chvdli-m chvdli-me

2. chvdli-s chvdli-te

3. chvdl-i chvdl-i. Imp. i. chval-me

2. chval chval-te

3. chval chval-le. Pres. part. act. chvdle.

FIFTH CLASS. a-STEMS.

First Group, delatt, to do.

a. Inf. stem, dela. Inf. dlla-ti. Past part. act. I. dela-v. Past part. act. II. dela-L Past part. pass, deld-n. £. Pres. stem, dela-j-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. deld-m deld-me

2. deld-s deld-te

3. deld dela-j-t. Imp. i. dlle-j-me

2. dlle-j dlle-j-te

3. ^/«?y dele-j-te. Pres. part. act. dela-j-e.

Second Group. psat to write.

o. Inf. stem, psa. Inf. psd-ti. Past part. act. I. psa-v. Past part. act. II. psa-L Past part. pass. /.ra-w.

j3. Pres. stem, pisi-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. /$-*' pis-e-me

2. /U-^-jf //j-^-/^

3. //3f-g pis-i.

44 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Singular. Plural.

Imp. i. - pis-me

2. pis pis-te

3. pa pil-te.

Pres. part. act. pise.

In this way are conjugated dychati, to breathe ; skdkati, to leap.

Third Group, brali^ to take.

a. Inf. stem, bra. Inf. brd-ti. Past part. act. I. bra-v. Past part. act. II. bra-L Past part. pass, bra-n.

£. Pres. stem, ber-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. ber-u ber-e-me

2. ber-e-s ber-e-te

3. ber-e berou. Imp. i. - ber-me

2. ber ber-te

3. ber ber-te. Pres. part. act. ber-a.

In this way are conjugated (po)slati, to send, (po]slu\ drdti, to tear, deru ; prdti, to wash clothes, /><?r« ; so also kldti, to pierce.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. koli kuleme

2. kules kulete

3. k&le koli

lhati, to lie.

Pres. i. Ihu l%eme

2.

3. /^ Ihou.

and s^V/, 2<?z>w, to call.

ACCIDENCE 45

Fourth Group1, prdti, to wish.

a. Inf. stem, pre-ja. Inf. prdti. Past part. act. I. prd-v. Past part. act. \\.prd-l. Past part. pass, prd-n. ft. Pres. stem, pre-j-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i . pre-j-i or u pre-j-e-me

2. pre-j-es pre-j-e-te

3. pre-j-e ph-j-i. Imp. i. pre-j-me

2. pre-j pre-j-te

3. ph-j pre-j-te. Pres. part. act. pre-j-e.

SIXTH CLASS. OVA (u-a) STEMS.

milovati, to love.

a. Inf. stem, milova. Inf. milova-ti. Past part. act. I. milova-v. Past part. act. II. milova-L Past part. pass, milovd-n. ft. Pres. stem, milu-j-e.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. milu-j-i milu-j-e-me

2. milu-j-es milu-j-e-te

3. milu-j-e milu-j-i. Imp. i. milu-j-me

2. milu-j milu-j-te

3. milu-j milu-j-te. Pres. part. act. milu-j-e.

B. CONJUGATION WITHOUT THE PRESENT SUFFIX.

(i) vld, to know. Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. vim vt-me

2. m'-s vi-te

3. vi ved-i.

1 In this group the present stem ends in a vowel.

46 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Singular. Plural.

Imp, i. vlz-me

2. viz vlz-te

3. viz vlz-ie.

viz represents old form ve£d, and vezte, vedite.

(2) dad, to give. Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. dd-m dd-me

2. dd-s dd-te

3. da da-j-i. Imp. i. de-j-me

2. de-j de-j-te

3. de-j de-j-te.

(3) jad, to eat.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. jt-m ji-me

2. ji-s ji-te

3. ji jed-i. Imp. i. jez-me

2. jez jez-te

3. jez jez-te. The pres. part. act. isjeda.

(4) jes, to be.

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i . js-e-m or sem js-me

2. j-si js-ie

3. jes-tje js-ou.

VOICE, MOOD, TENSE, &c.

The modern Bohemian language has only one past tense, although the old language had both the imperfect and the aorist. But the apparent poverty is compensated by the

ACCIDENCE 47

aspects. The past tense now employed is what is really the second active past participle. Hence it is inflected as a participle in the singular and plural, in both these numbers the gender being also marked. This participle must be accom- panied by the present tense of the verb byti, to be ; thus dal sem, I gave. In the third person singular and plural the substantive verb is not used unless it be for emphasis. The tense formed by these verbs in conjunction is called a perfect. The pluper- fect is expressed by the second past participle of 'the verb, and the perfect of the verb by It; thus byljsem volal, I had called.

The future is expressed in two ways — (a) by the present tense of perfective verbs, e. g. pujdu, I will come ; or (3) the employment of an imperfective verb in the infinitive with the present tense of the verb bylt, budu, as budu skdkati, I shall leap.

Thefu/urum exactum is wanting in modern Cech.

THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.

This is expressed by the use of the aorist bych (a form which has survived from Old Bohemian), thus :—

volal bych, I might have called,

volal dys, thou mightest have called,

volal by, he might have called ;

and in plural, volali bychom, byste, by. Thus : pilne vynashaZiti se, by zeme byla zase uvedena v pokoj, to actively busy himself that the country should again be brought into tranquillity. The verb is sometimes affixed to an adverb or conjunction, as kdybys. Miti, to have, in conjunction with the infinitive, has the signification of shall or should, as co to md byti ? what should this be ? mil jste jej vidett, you should have seen him ; and meljsem, yes, I should have. Miti is thus conjugated : —

Singular. Plural.

Pres. i. mam mdme

2. mas mate

3. md maji.

48 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

In future use of miti Bohemian resembles Old Slavonic.

It will be observed that there are no independent forms of the third person of the imperative in the singular or plural.

Every verb has a verbal noun which is a neuter in i, thus : rozjimdni, reflection ; nauhni, instruction ; pt/t, drinking ; timrti, death.

The passive voice is expressed by (i) the reflexive pronoun with the active voice1, as mluvi se, it is said; pise se, it is written ; or (2) by the union of the past participle passive with the substantive verb, psdno jest, it is written. Potupne nazyvan jest od ni kmzetem sedlskym, he was called contemptuously by them the prince of the rustics. Where possible an active form seems preferred to a passive, thus : dal kone sve'ho privdzati ku konum, had his horse fastened to the horses.

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

vece, it is said ; a fragment of an old verb veceti, to say 2.

pry, it is said ; connected with pravtti, to tell. Cf. colloquial use in Russian of ryprL for roBOpan>, they say. Byla pr$ uplne podobna sve'mu otci, she was exactly like her father, they say.

deje se, it happens ; dlji se veci, things occur.

trebd) potreba,potrebi, it is necessary; nelze, it is impossible.

zdd se, it seems.

stmivd se, it is getting dark ; pripozdiva se, it is getting late.

As in the other Slavonic languages, personal verbs are often used impersonally. Cf. na tisice vesnic bylo spdleno a zpustoseno, the villages were burnt and devastated by thousands.

Ji k pocte se mluvilo vzdy nemecky, out of respect to her they always spoke German. Neschdzelo pritom aspoh soukromych pisemnych prad o prdve zemske'm, but there were not wanting at least privately written works about the law of the land.

1 This is most in accordance with the genius of the Slavonic languages.

2 Cf. Bulgarian BHKaM'L, I call out ; also the old name of the Council at Novgorod,

ACCIDENCE 49

REFLEXIVE VERBS.

It has already been said that the reflexive is the favourite method of expressing . the passive in the Slavonic languages. These verbs are recognized by the use of the reflexive pronoun, either in the accusative se or the dative si, as vezu se, I go (lit. I carry myself), or vsimdm si, I take notice (lit. I take to myself). Some verbs are only found in a reflexive form, as bojim se, I am afraid. The use of the dative with reflexives will remind the student of the Latin sibi used redundantly, as ipse sibi. Cf. also the Bulgarian Ast HMaMt napn rrpn ce6e en, I have the money with me.

The position of the reflexive is somewhat unrestricted. It may go either before the verb or after it, as jd se vezu, I betake myself, or vezu se. In the compound tenses such forms as vezl jsem se, appear to be more frequent, and if in the same clause there be two reflexive verbs one of the reflexive pronouns is generally omitted.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

For the convenience of the student I have added a list of some of the more common irregular verbs. They can be easily arranged under their proper conjugations.

Infinitive.

Present tense.

Past tense.

6rdti\ to take

beru

bral

bristi, to wade

bredu

bredl

busti, to pierce

bodu

bodl

cisti, to read

ctu

tetl

#//, to begin

cnu

cal

drdti, to split

deru

dral

dhti, to flay

dhi

drel

jefi\ to journey

jedu

jel

jiti, to go

jdu

U

jtti, to take

jmu

jal

E

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Infinitive. hndtt, to drive hnisti, to press housli, to play music klasti, to place krdstt, to steal kve'sti, to bloom Ihdtt, to lie mdsti, to confuse me'sti, to sweep wrz'/z', to die pe'ci, to bake piti, to fasten ///jtf, to plait prdti, to hit ph's/i, to spin />rz'/z' j£, to dispute rid, to say rz/j/z', to grow rvdtt, to tear rvdtt, to roar .s^/z', to suck 'dti se, to become '•id> to guard j/;V<rf, to cut stritij to cover stvati, to hunt /^rz', to flow iiti, to hew tlouci, to strike trdsti) to shake /rz?z', to rub z;«A', to lead /, to draw

Present tense.

Past tense.

%enu

hnal

hnetu

ty&tl

lie kudu kladu

hudt (houdl] kladl

kradu

kradl

kvelu

kvetl

tin

lhal

matu

mail

metu

metl

mru

mrel

peku pnu pletu peru predu pru se rku

pekl pial pletl pral predl prel se rekl

rosiu

rostl

rvu

rval

rvu

rval

ssu

ssal

stane se

stalo se

strehu

strahl

strihu

strihl

stru

strel

Itvu

Itval

teku

tekl

tnu

tal

tluku

tloukl

tresu

trdsl

tru

trel

vedu

vedl

vleku

vlekl

ACCIDENCE

Infinitive. Present tense.

Past tense

vrci, to throw

vrhu

vrhl

vriti, to seethe

vru

vrel

zdbstt, to be cold

zebe

zablo

zvdti, to invite

zovu (zvu)

zval

zditi, to press

zdmu

zcfal

zici, to kindle

zhu

Ml

ziti, to reap

znu

M

Zrdti, to devour

zeru

zral

zvatt, to chew

zvu

Zval.

jiti) to take, becomes in composition -ejmouti, as se-jmouii, od-ejmouti, to take away. The m in the present tense and the lengthened form of the infinitive are lost in the infinitive in -tti, which stands for an original nasal. In the compounds we have a parasitic n with the past tense, which is put in for euphony, as odnal, he took away. The same form is found in Old Slavonic, and indeed in all the Slavonic languages.

#/*, to begin, is always found compounded, as zatal, he began. Observe the present zacnu, which is explained by the latent nasal, Russian na^aiL, nanny.

mod, to be able, mohu ; past tense, mohl.

mniti) to think ; past tense, mnel.

Some of the tenses of these verbs are here given in detail. They belong to the oldest verbs in the language.

jeti, to go.

Present. Imperative.

i.jedu jedeme 2. jed'

2. jedel jedete \.jetfme

3. jede jedou 2. jetfte.

Past tense (perfect),

£ 2

52 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

jiti, to go.

Present. Imperative.

1. jdu jdeme 2. jdi

2. jdes jdete i. Jdeme

3. jde jdou 2. jdete.

Past tense, set, sla, slo,jsem, &c.

For the explanation of this form see First Conjugation, First Group, p. 37.

stdti se, to become.

Present with future signification : stanu se. Imperative : stah se. Past tense : staljsem se.

Thus : stal se zdroven kntietem, he became prince at once. For the present is used the cognate form stavam.

spdti, to sleep ; spim.

Present : spim, spts, spi, spfme, spite, spi. Imperative : spi, speme, spete. Past : spaljsem. Future : budu spdti.

diti, to say, is only used in the present — dim, dis^ di, dime, dite, deji (cf. O. S. fl-ta, ponere, -dicer e\ The impersonal use of this verb in the latter sense has already been discussed. Cf. also Russian ^ecKaTL.

vari, take care (borrowed from the German).

.THE SUBSTANTIVE VERB, bfti, to be.

Singular.

Plural.

jsem l

jesme

jsi

jiste

jest (je)

jsou.

1 For ty jsi we sometimes get tys, for kdy jsi, kdes, and ze jsi, xes.

ACCIDENCE 53

The past tense is formed by the use of the participle byl with the present tense, which is regularly declined byl, byla, bylo in the singular, byli, byly, byla in the plural, thus : byl sem, byla jsi, byli jesme. The third person present of the verb 'to be' is generally omitted, for byl jsi, byla jsi, bylo jsi we find by Is, by las, bylos.

Future.

(Used as an auxiliary1.)1' Singular. Plural.

1. budu budeme

2. dudes budete

3. bude budou.

IMPERATIVE.

1. bud"

2. bud" me

3. butfte.

The conditional is formed in the same way as is explained in the other verbs. *

I should be, &c. We should be, &c.

bych

byl-a-o

/ bychom byli-y-a \ byste

by.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

jsa, being (masc.) jsouce, being.

jsouc, being (fern, and neut.)

Past.

Singular. Plural.

byVj having been (masc.) byvse, having been.

byvsi (fern, and neut.)

1 This is really the present tense of byti and has a future signification ; jsem belongs to another verb.

54 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Future1.

Singular. Plural.

buda, about to be (masc.) budouce.

budouc (fern, and neut.)

Inflected Forms.

jsoud, being | fyvst, having been

budouci, about to be.

VERBAL NOUN.

byti, n. existence 2.

PARADIGM OF THE TENSES OF A REGULAR VERB. volati, to call.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Plural.

1. voldm voldme

2. voids voldte

3. void volaji.

Perfect. Singular. Plural.

1. volal jsem volalijsme

2. volal j si volalijste

3. volal-a-o (jest] volali-yjsou.

Pluperfect. Singular. Plural.

1. by I jsem volal byli-y jsme volali-y

2. byljsi volal

3. byl-a-o (jest], volal-a-o „ „

1 This is the only verb which in Slavonic has a future participle.

2 Verbal substantives are rarely used in the plural.

ACCIDENCE 55

Future. Singular. Plural.

1. budu volati budeme volati

2. budes volati budete volati

3. bude volati budou volati.

IMPERATIVE.

volej, call thou | volejme, let us call

volejte, call ye.

PARTICIPLES (UNDECLINED).

Present. Past,

volaje volav. volajice, calling

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Perfect.

Singular Plural.

volal bych, I might call volali bychom

volal bys volali byste

volal by volali by.

Pluperfect.

Singular. Plural.

byl bych volal, I might have byli bychom volali

called byli byste volali

byl bys volal byli by volali.

byl by volal

PARTICIPLES (DECLINED). Present. Past,

volajici, calling volavsi, having called.

Past Passive.

Undeclined . . volan, called Declined . . . volany.

VERBAL NOUN.

voldni, the act of calling. (For Participles, see further, p. 36.)

56 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

PARTICIPLES.

Active.

(1) The present participle when undeclined ends in e, a? ; when declined, ci or uci, as smutek zmirajici prirody dychal se stromu, ze zloulnoucich listu, the melancholy of dying nature breathed from the trees, from the yellowing leaves 2. Cf. the Russian participle ending in -ynn, used colloquially ; thus, we have volajici, calling ; utici, teaching ; pict, drinking.

(2) The past active ending in -v, or in a protracted form -vh' for fern, and neut., and -vse for all three genders in the plural.

Passive.

(1) The present participle passive is wanting in Cech.

(2) The past participle ends either in n or /. In the first and second conjugations it is more often the latter, vide supra. Sometimes we get both of these forms, as zdvizen and zdvihnul, moved.

(2) UNINPLECTED.

THE ADVERB.

Adverbs formed from adjectives generally end in -<?, as slabe, weakly. Some end in -o, as siroko, in a broad manner. They admit of degrees of comparison : those in e make -eji, which is added to the stem, k being changed into c, h into z, ch into s, sk into jf/, and ck into ci. Adverbs which end in -o make the comparative in -e, which is contracted from -eje. In the case of

1 Of these there are feminine and neuter forms, thus : nesa, bringing, fem. and neut. nesouc, plur. nesouce ; umeje, understanding, fern, and neut. umejic, plur. umejice.

2 For declension, cf. dne$ni.

ACCIDENCE 57

-ko, -eko, and -oko being the final syllables of the adverb, they are entirely omitted, as sir oko, broad ; sire, more broadly ; daleko, far, <&/(*)'.

These latter comparatives can also end in -eji, but the one- syllabled termination is the most common. The superlative is formed by the prefixing of the syllable nej- to the comparative, as lepe, better ; nejle'pe, in the best way.

The following are quite irregular : —

dobre, well ; le'pe or Up.

zle, badly ; Mr(e).

mdlo, little ; me'ne or mm.

mnoho, much ; mc(e].

dlouho, long ; dele.

brzy or brzo, soon ; driv(e] or spts(e\

Adverbs are formed from various cases of adjectives with or without a preposition.

(a) With the genitive, as do cela, entirely; z ridka, seldom.

(£) The locative, v nove, newly (and to this case may be assigned all the adverbs in -e used without a preposition).

(c) The accusative without a preposition. Here belong all the adverbs in -o, as casto, frequently ; vysoko, high. These correspond to the Latin adverbs in -urn ; e.g. parum.

(d] With the instrumental : mnohem., by much ; malem, soon, in a little time. Cf. bez mala, almost, within a little.

Adverbs of manner end sometimes in -skji and -cky, and are sometimes preceded by po ; but the latter is more often omitted. The case here is really the dative which has been weakened from -u, thus : mluviti po cesku or po cesky or cesky, to speak Cech ; and the same with other adjectives relating to countries2.

1 The k of the positive is merely a letter used in the formation of adjectives.

2 For a parallel instance in Bulgarian see Morfill's Grammar, p. 65.

58 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Interrogative adverbs are kde, where ; odkud, whence ; kam, whither ; kudy, kady, in what way, qua ; kdy, when ; kolikrat, how many times ; jak, how.

Relative adverbs : kde, where ; odkud, whence ; kam, whither ; kudy, in what way ; kdy or kdyZ, when ; kolikrat, how many times ; jak, as.

Demonstrative adverbs : /#, there ; zde, here ; tarn, onde, thither ; odtud, odonud, from there, from yonder ; sem, here ; onam, thither ; tudy, tady, in this way, hac ; onady, in that way, ea ; tenkrate, now, then ; tehdy, then ; nyni, fed, now ; tolikrat, so many times ; tak, takto, so ; tim (pnim) spusobem, this or that w.ay.

Indefinite : nekde, somewhere ; kdekoli, wherever ; odnekud, from any place ; odkudkoli, from any place whatsoever ; nlkam, any whither ; kamkoli, in any direction soever ; nekudy, in some way, aliqua ; kudykoli, in any way whatsoever ; nlkolikrdt, several times ; nickrat, no times ; kolikrdtkoli, how many times soever ; nfy'akj somehow ; jaksi, jakkoli, in what way soever.

Many adverbs are cases of nouns, and to form these the instrumental is chiefly used, e. g. behem dvou stoldi, in the course of two centuries.

The negative adverb ne is used in Bohemian where it would not be required in English1, as prve neZ k tomu doslo, before it came to this.

Two negatives do not make an affirmative, as jd nikdy, to ver, nemel toho v Idsce cloveka, believe me, I never liked that man. Bohemian has, in common with the other Slavonic languages, the idiom of adding ne to an adjective and reversing its meaning, thus, neprdtelsky, hostile (cf. the Greek idiom yvvaiKwv OVK oXt'ycu).

1 Cf. such expressions in French as the following : — Get homme est plus heureux qu'on ne pense.

ACCIDENCE 59

We also find the negatives compounded with the verbs, which is occasionally the case in the other Slavonic languages : —

nejsem, I am not nejsi, thou art not nem, he is not

ne/sme, we are not nejste, you are not nejsou, they are not l.

After the verbs zapovedeti, to forbid ; brdniti, to restrain ; zdrzovati, to hold back, and vystrihati, to warn, the condi- tional is used with the negative aby ne; so also after verbs expressing fear, denial, dispute, and similar ideas.

PREPOSITIONS. A. Prepositions with the Genitive.

dez, without ; before two consonants beze, as bez prdtel, without friends ; beze vse'ho spojeni, without any communication.

do, to, as navratiii do Cech, to bring back to Bohemia.

die, after, according to, as die jme'na jeho, according to his name ; die staroddvne' povlsti, according to the ancient tradition.

podle(e'\ vedle(e'}, close by, along, as podle refy, along the river.

kolo, okolo, kolem, vukol, around.

krome, except, as krome knihy, except the book.

krom toho, besides that.

od(e), by, from, asjsem chvalen od pana ucitele,\ am praised by the teacher ; od vychoda, from the east; frequently used to express the agent, like our ' by ' ; uprdzdnend od nich mista, the places de- serted by them ; », at, by, as stojim u vody, I stand by the water2.

z(e), out of, as ze skoly, out of the school ; v bitve ze vsech nejkrvavejsi, in a battle the most sanguinary of all3.

1 Cf. Chaucer, I n'am ; there n'is.

2 It is identical with v(ve\ about which see a little further on. The identity of these prepositions is quite conspicuous in the Serbian language.

3 The genitive is also used after many adverbs which are used as preposi- tions, as blisko, near; drahne, much, &c.

60 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

B. With the Dative.

k (ke, ku), to, for, as ku prebyvdni, for his dwelling ; k dvoru cisarovu, to the emperor's court.

proti, against, opposite to, as strhlo se proti nemu opet vzbou- reni, the storm rose anew against him.

naproti, to meet.

C. With the Accusative.

mimo, passing by, as mimo dumjiti, to go past the house.

ob, round, as ob dum, around the house.

pres(e), over, across, as utekl pres hranici Rimskou, he escaped over the Roman frontier.

pro, on account of, as pro vitlzstvi toto, on account of that victory ; skrz(e\ through, as skrze nadfy'i, through hope.

D. With the Locative, pri, by, at the side of, as pri reel Dunaji, by the river Danube.

E. With the Accusative and Locative.

o with the accusative, concerning, as o matku jde, the matter has to do with the mother ; o stul sem se uhodil, I knocked myself against the table ; prisel o oko, he lost his eye. With the locative : o torn, concerning that.

Also drama o dvou dejstvich, a play in two acts.

v (ve) with the accusative, into, as v dum jiti, to go into the house.

v (ve) with the locative, in, as v nejpeknejsich krajindch, in the most beautiful countries.

na, with the accusative, motion towards ; like the Latin in with accus., as na poledne, towards the south ; slepy na obe oh, blind of both eyes.

na with the locative, on (Lat. in with the ablative), as na poledni, in the south ; bitva na Bile1 ffore, the battle of the

ACCIDENCE 61

White Mountain ; musil se obrdtiti na utlk, he must betake him- self to flight. Cf. also the idiomatic expression, nd rdne, as Prvnz bylo na rdne Polsko, Poland was the first to suffer.

F. With the Accusative and Instrumental.

mezi, among, implying motion, takes the accusative : pujdu mezi sestry sve', I shall go among my sisters.

mezi, among, implying rest, with the instrumental : usaditi se mezi jin^mi Kelty, to establish themselves among the other Kelts.

nad(e), motion over, with the accusative : plamen ohne slehal a% nad nds dum, the flame of the fire came even to our house.

nad, upon, with the instrumental (rest), as ka%dy kmen mil nad sebou sve'ho vojvodu, each family had its leader over it.

pode(e), motion under, with the accusative (cp. Lat. sub): padl sem pod stul, I fell under the table.

pod(e), rest under (Lat. sub with the ablative), as drzelt pod jarmem, they kept under the yoke.

pred(e), motion before, with the accusative, as stoupl jsem szl pre<} matku, I came into the presence of my mother.

pred(e), rest before, aspred vecerem, before the evening2.

G. With the Genitive, Accusative, and Locative.

u with the genitive signifies by, at, as u nich, among them.

u with the accusative, for v, motion into, as spadl sem u vodu, incidi in aquam.

u with the locative, for v (in with abl., Lat,), as byl sem u vode = fui in aqua3.

1 Observe redundant si, spoken of on p. 49.

2 Readers familiar with the Latin and Greek prepositions will easily understand these various uses.

a See previous reference on this point to the Serbian language (p. 59, note 2).

62 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

H. With the Dative, Accusative, and Locative.

po is used with the dative in modern Bohemian only with adverbs : po tesku mluviti, to speak Cech ; or the u has become weakened into j/, as po cesky, or the po is entirely omitted, as anglicky, English. (Cf. the rule in Bulgarian.)

po with the accusative, up to (with the idea of motion), as zapadl sem do sne'hu az po kolena, I fell into the snow up to my knees.

po with the locative, up and down, all over, as behdm po pokoji, I go about the chamber. (Cf. Russian nyremecTBOBaTt no Poccin.) Vdova po Vaclavu II, widow of Wenceslaus II. Also after, as po krdtkem odporu, after a short resistance.

I. With the Genitive, Accusative, and Instrumental.

se with the genitive denotes motion from, as se vsech siran, from all sides.

s(e) with the accusative means about the size of (cf. Russian), as dej mi s hrsf tresen, give me about a handful of cherries.

s(e] with the instrumental means with, as s jistotou, with cer- tainty ; .$• okolnimi ndrody, with the surrounding peoples.

za with the genitive denotes the time during which a thing is done, as za mladi sveho, during the time of his youth.

za with the accusative signifies motion behind, as za vzta- hovaly az za Dunaj, they stretched out beyond the Danube; also of a woman marrying a man, as provddni Gertrudy za Hermana, the marriage of Gertrude with Hermann.

za with the instrumental signifies rest behind, as za rekou, behind the river.

ACCIDENCE

CONJUNCTIONS.

a, i, and

take', taky, also

//I, also

Se, that

#/fe, but

ci or #//, or

w£, or ; also nebo, aneb, anebo

bud ', whether, or ; <foaT ,$• z>0# <fod?' proti vuh\ whether wiih or against the wish

nebo, or

ni-ni i . ,

[neither, nor am-am }

jestli, if

pakli, if

ledva, sotva, hardly tolik, so far jednak, partly sice, indeed at, although potievadS, because proto%e, since jeltko%, whereas &, that

, hence

procez, on which account ndsledovne, in consequence.

INTERJECTIONS.

Many are rather sounds than words, as ach, of, to express pain ; hej\ hoj\ to call attention, &c. ; but many parts of verbs are used as interjections, as vari (see p. 52), beware; necht, for aught I care. Tof bohdd nebude, God grant that never.

III. SYNTAX

THE CONCORDS.

ALTHOUGH pit and the succeeding numbers are, if we inves- tigate their origin, really feminine substantives, yet the verb with them is used in the neuter singular in the past tense, as pet vran letelo pres zahradu, five crows flew over the garden ; devlt hodin udehlo, nine o'clock struck. So also neuter, fre- quently used where verb precedes ; zde bylo zima, here it was winter.

THE NOUN.

A noun in apposition to another is put in the same case, as zemrel mohutny cisar Jindrich VI ve Vlalich, the "powerful emperor Henry VI died in Italy; mil jedin/ho spojence ve'vodu bavorskeho, he had one ally, the Duke of Bavaria.

The genitive case is used : —

(a) After the verb when it has a partitive sense, as dej mu chleba, nalej mu vina, give him some bread, pour out some wine for him.

(b) After the verb when there is a negative in the sentence, as nemdme penez, we have no money ; and in Cech two nega- tives do not make an affirmative, as pred tim nikdy nebyvalo, before this never occurred.

(c) To designate the year, the month, and the day of the month, as tehoz roku zil v Praze, this year he lived in Prague ; dne jedenacteho dubna roku tisic osm set devadesdteho osmeho, April nth, 1898.

SYNTAX 65

(d) After cardinal numerals, from pet onwards, when they are in the nominative and the accusative.

(e) After adverbs of quantity, as drahne casu, much time.

(f) After adjectives, such as znalf, acquainted; chtivy, greedy ; hoden, worthy ; mocen, mighty ; piny, full ; zbdven, free from, and many others.

(g) With verbs expressing fear, shame, expectation, touch ; verbs compounded of do and na ; verbs implying necessity, or to stand in need of, as potrelovati, and the impersonal potreba (opus est). Also the genitive of price, as kniha stoji pouhych 40 kr., the book costs exactly 40 kreuzers ; tykajid se domadch veh, touching domestic matters.

(h) The genitive expresses quality, as Ulisses, krdl prevy- borne vjmluvnosti, Ulysses, a king of wonderful eloquence ; Vladislav, jsa muz dobre'ho srdee, Vladislav, being a man of good heart.

(z) After adjectives in the comparative, unless nez is inserted, when the nominative is used, as mnozili se rychllji nez jich predchudci, they increased more quickly than their predecessors.

(/) The genitive of the material is generally used in Cech with a preposition, as kostel od kamene, a church built of stone.

There are other uses which are familiar and need not be recapitulated here, e.g. the genitive in connexion with a noun of which it is the attribute, as tenf J jest pritel meho otce, that man is the friend of my father.

The dative is used —

(a) To imply possession, as jest mne neco, I have something. In the Slavonic languages, as in Latin, we shall see how fre- quently it is used for the genitive.

1 In tenf we have a particle added for emphasis, ten-?. It is also some- times added to verbs, as vydalf, he gave out.

F

66 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

(6) To signify advantage or disadvantage, as budes-li moudry, sole moudry budes, if you are wise, ^ou will be wise for yourself.

(c) Many adjectives govern the dative, of which the following may be mentioned: roven, equal; prijemnf, agreeable; cizi, strange; nebezpecny, dangerous; snadnjf, easy; nesnady, diffi- cult ; dluzen, indebted ; vitdn, welcome ; mtlosrden, merciful ; vzdcnj, rare, dear, &c. &c.

(d) The following verbs among others take the dative : deko- vafi, to thank ; klanlti se, to entreat ; libiti se, to please ; chybeti, to be wanting (deesse); podobati se, to be like; blttiti se, to approach ; veriti, to believe ; povidati, to say ; odolati, to resist ; modliti se, to pray ; zjeviti se, to appear to ; zahynuli nd vyprave te'to smrii, they died (lit. underwent death) on this expedition ; dobyl *sobe Moravy, he gained Moravia for himself. So also krdl Vdcslav odhal bralrovi polovici zeme, King Wenceslaus took from his brother half of the land.

The accusative is used —

(a) As the ordinary case after the verb.

(b) To denote extent or dimension both of time and place, as tri mile bezett, to run three miles ; jsem 20 roku slar, I am twenty years old. There is also what has been called the accusative of exclamation with hie, lit. look upon, and na, nate, there you have it ! Cf. Russian, BOTL xedi Ha.

The instrumental case is used to express the instrument or agent.

There is also what has been appropriately called the predi- cative use of the instrumental. This is a great feature of the Slavonic languages, and is employed where a surname or quality is assigned to an object ; it expresses the appellation which we apply to a thing, the regard in which we hold it, some modifi- cation which it has undergone, e.g. Cicero slul otcem vlasti, Cicero was called the father of his country ; ucinen jest opatem,

SYNTAX 67

he was made an abbot. So also the instrumental is used in comparisons, as leti bystrym sokolem, he flies like a swift falcon. Many verbs govern an instrumental, as trhnouti, to tear ; proslaviti se, to make oneself celebrated ; zapdchafi, to smell ; slouli, to be called ; naplniti, to fill, &c. Among these may be included verbs signifying to rule, as aby char nemecky mohl rozkazovati obema, that the German Emperor might rule both.

The. locative is only used with prepositions.

THE VERB.

The substantive verb in the present tense is generally omitted ; bylo and nebylo are used impersonally, it was, or was not, — once on a time ; nebylo zddneho jedndm, there was no union, mil from miti is used in the sense of ought, as mil tarn byti, he ought to have been there.

THE SEQUENCE OF THE TENSES.

This seems to be observed more accurately in Bohemian than in other Slavonic languages (e. g. Russian), thus : Krdl Jan stdl se zdslitpem svym pozadu ; i vidouce pdni cesti, kteri s nim tu byli, ze jest bitva ztracena, radili aby hledll zachovati zivot svuj a s jinymi nastoupil cestu zpdtecni, King John was behind his supporters, and the Bohemian lords who were with him, seeing that the battle was lost, made effort that he should take care to preserve his life and retire with the others.

PURPOSE.

This is generally expressed by the use of abych with the past tense, as jsem na lorn abych mluvil, I am just going to speak. abych is regularly inflected, as clovlk jt, aby zil, man eats that he may live ; obstrceni jazyka ceske'ho zarizenimi chare Jose/a nedovedlo loho, aby v ndrodl samem vyhasla prirozend laska ke sve mluve mater ske, the attack on the Bohemian language by the

F 2

68 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

decrees of the Emperor Joseph did not lead to the result that in the people themselves the love of their native language was quenched.

Sometimes purpose is expressed by the supine, thus : chodime do skoly se ucit, we go to the school to learn («#/, sup. from ucili] ; priseljsem s Vami si pohrat, I have come to play with you (pohrat, frompohrdti).

Each verb has its verbal noun, but the infinitive may also be used absolutely,, as odkudZ vidlti jest daleko siroko, from which a wide expanse may be seen. Cf. also the following uses of the infinitive : bylo videti, one could see ; jest se obdvati, one must fear.

Dati with the infinitive means to permit, as nedal mu k sole pristoupiti, he did not allow him to approach him.

The infinitive is also frequently used with nent, nebylo, nemdm, nemel jsem, as neni kde luzko posiaviti^ there is no place where one can put the bed; nemd zac koupiti, he has no money to buy with.

The infinitive takes with it an adjective or participle in the dative or in the instrumental, as bjti stedrym, to be bountiful ; chtiti byti bohatu, to wish to be rich.

ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE.

This is in the main the simple and natural one ; the verb is not necessarily placed at the end of a sentence. The adjec- tive generally precedes the noun, but sometimes follows ; e. g. mezitim zemrela Karlovi mladd manzelka jeho Blance, i vstoupiU po sedmi mlsuich ve druhe ntan%elstvi, in the meantime Blanche, • the young wife of Charles, died, and after seven months he entered upon a second marriage. The abundance of inflexions allows a certain licence of position, thus : sometimes the accu- sative case is put before the verb which governs it, as vydali rozkaz,jimz . . . arcibiskupa a opata vyporldeti ze zeme, they

SYNTAX 69

issued a decree whereby they banished the archbishop and the abbot from the land. In this sentence we may also see the in- clination of the Slavonic language to avoid a passive form. In English we should say : the archbishop, &c., were banished. See remarks on passive, p. 48. In both Bohemian and Polish authors we frequently feel that German syntax underlies their sentences. But the involved style is not necessary, it is rather contrary to the genius of the language. Thus the following seems a simple and direct sentence : tu pant celti, jesfe nedavno slibivse Premyslovi ze za nej chti. zivoty sv£ nasdditi, prve nez prislo k bitve, zrddnl jej opustili a dali se k biskupovi, there the Bohemian lords, who not long before had promised Pfemysl that they would lay down their lives for him, before that they came into battle, traitorously deserted him and surren- dered themselves to the bishop. In the second clause it will be observed that the verb is at the end, which however is not necessary.

The student should notice the use of the neuter form prislo, which is thoroughly Slavonic and has been previously explained ; also that the sequence of tenses is violated in chti.

PASSAGES TO BE TRANSLATED INTO BOHEMIAN

EXERCISE I.

The number of the parochial clergy increased during those times as remarkably in consequence of the founding of so many new German villages and the increase and spread of the towns. Where now with a population of five millions we reckon in Bohemia and the county of Glatz something like 1,900 parish churches, there were (of them) in the time of the Emperor Charles about 2,100; of inhabitants there were hardly quite three millions.

number, pocet.

parochial, here use svetstky,\.z. belonging to the world, as opposed to the regulars.

to increase (itself), rozmnoliti se, 4th conj.

omit ' during ' and put ' times ' (doba,i.) in the ace., in which case duration of time is generally put.

as remarkably, rovne$ zna- menite. Observe z used for emphasis (see p. 29)..

in consequence of, ndsledkem (gen.).

so many, toliko.

new, novy.

a village, vesnice, s.f.

German, nemecky($\. root nemy, dumb, because the Germans

EXERCISES

were the first foreigners with whom the Slavs came into contact).

and, a.

the increase, rozmnolenf, s.n.

the expansion, rozhrem, s.n.

a city, mesto.

where, kdeZ.

now, nyni.

with a population, pri obyvatel- stru.

five, pet. Remember after pet numerals declined like sub- stantives.

million, million, s.m.

to count, pocitdti, v.a., 5th conj., with loc.

and, i.

with, s, with instr.

county, hrabstvt, s.n. (fr. Ger. Graf, Boh. hrabe). See note on the loss of g in

Bohemian ; the substitution of b for /is very character- istic of the Slavonic lan- guages, to which the sound /does not primarily belong.

Glatz, Kladsky, adj.

something, neco.

more, above, pres.

parish, farmer. Ger. P/arrer).

church, kosiel (Lat. castellum, because they were originally fortified). Also less fre- quently cirkev : this again is a borrowed word from Ger. Kirche.

in the time of, za casu.

the emperor, cisar (Lat. Caesar}.

Charles, Karel.

and moreover, ac.

perhaps, snad.

fully, zouplna.

EXERCISE II.

Hajek1 took for his chronicle a multitude of fables, inven- tions, things that were untrue and groundless, so that it is not possible in any way to consider it a trustworthy historical source. His work is more like (some) amusing reading than instructive history; moreover, he describes each event, like a chronicler, separately, without connexion with the others. And yet this chronicle, in spite of all the serious faults which

1 For a note on Hajek, see the Introduction.

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

have long been pointed out in it by sound criticism, spread among the Bohemian people beyond measure : to which the simple style in which it is written contributed not a little.

to take, pojati (see ist conj., 4th class).

for, do, prep, governing gen.

chronicle, kronika, s.f.

a multitude, mnozstvi.

fable, bajka (insert e before k in gen. plur.).

invention, fancy, smyslenka.

a thing, vec, s.f.

untrue, nepravdtvy.

groundless, neduvodny.

not in any way, nikterak.

it was impossible, nelze; used as an impersonal.

a sure historical source, bez- pecny pramen historicity.

to be like, podobdti se.

work, dilo, s.n.

more, vice.

some, nejaky.

amusing, zdbavny.

reading, cteni, neut. verbal subst.

than, nez.

history, dljepis, m. (lit. the writ- ing of what is done).

instructive, poucny, fr. po and uc ; same root as in uciti> to teach, nauka, s.f. learning, science. The idea devel-

oped in the Slavonic word for ' learning ' is to get used to a thing.

moreover, nadto (lit. upon this).

to describe, vypisovati, 6th conj., from z%out,and/z'.y, to write, ovati being the infin. suffix. The majority of verbs in the 6th conj. are formed from nouns.

each, kazdy.

event, udalosf, s.f., 5th declen.

as a chronicler: use adverbial form, kronikdrsky; and cf. such expressions as mluviti cesky, to speak Bohemian (see p. 57).

separately, o 'sobe, by itself; lit. concerning itself.

without, bez.

connexion, spojitosf, s.f. Cf. spoj-iti, to unite.

with, s.

the rest,/z>zy.

yet, prece.

in spite of, or over and above, pres. Here the form prese must be used on account of the next word beginning with two consonants.

EXERCISES

73

all, vsecek.

serious, hruby\ lit. gross.

fault, vada, s.f.

which, ktery.

long ago, ode davna.

to point out, vytykati.

sound, competent to express opinion, soudny. Cf.soud,m., judgement.

spread, >rozsiriti se, fr. roz, in different directions. See table explaining the use of the prepositions in compo- sition, and sir, found also in sub. sir, breadth, and sir-y, broad.

among, v, with loc.

Bohemian, Cesky, fr. subst. Cechy, Bohemia, a word the

derivation of which ( has

never been satisfactorily

explained, people, ndrod, s.m. beyond measure, nad mini ;

measure, mira, s.f. to, k, prep, with dat. not a little, nemalo,

would perhaps be

translated ' a great

which better deal.'

See remarks on this idiom, p. 58.

to contribute, prisplti. simple, popular, prostondrodni (prosty, simple, and ndrod, the people).

style, sloh, m. (lit. putting to- gether). to write, psdti.

EXERCISE in.

In the middle of the eighteenth century, when truly the posi- tion of the Bohemian language an'd literature was most gloomy, the time of its new awakening was in preparation. To this- fortu- nate change contributed in a conspicuous degree the more liberal spirits which arose in the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II, in Austria generally and in Bohemia particularly. General enlightenment, progress, and liberty in the pursuit of know- ledge became the watchwords of the time ; on which account also the prejudices which up to that time had prevailed on the subject of the Bohemian historical and literary monuments dis- appeared, their further destruction was stopped, and the freer

74

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

occupation in the pursuit of knowledge truly pointed the way of the friends of our domestic history to them as the chief sources of historical truth ; especially Bohemian history of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries began to be the favourite subject of many-sided studies.

middle, pros/red, s.m.

century, stole ti, s.n.

when, kdyz.

truly, prdve.

position, stav, s.m.

language, jazyk, s.m.

literature, pisemnictvi, s.n.

melancholy, smutny.

time, doba, s.f.

new, novjy.

awakening, probuzeni, verbal noun.

to prepare, pripravovati (6th conj.).

fortunate, happy, stastnemu.

change, obrat.

in a conspicuous degree, zna- menite. Observe usual form of adverb derived from ad- jective.

contribute, napomdhati.

liberal, volny.

spirit, duch.

to arise, or begin, nastati.

in the reign, za panovdni.

Joseph, Josef.

Austria, Rakousy, pi. also Rakousko. This name is

referred by Schafarfk to that of the tribe Rakatae, who are mentioned as having dwelt in what was afterwards the duchy of Austria. Cf.

Ptolemy, ii. 1 1 KOI <rvi>cxe~is avrois (rots Bai/zoiy), irapa rov 7roTap.ov ol TfTpaKarpiai' KOI ol npbs rois Ka/JL-rrois 'Paxdrm (Schaf., Slavische Alter thu- mer, ii. 332).

generally, vubec.

in particular, zvldlll.

general, vseobecnj.

enlightenment, or education, osveta, fr. svet, same root as English white.

progress, pokrok (lit. step for- ward); krok, a step; Bul- garian, KpaKL, foot. In most of the Slavonic languages there is only one word for foot and leg, noha.

liberty, svoboda, f., connected with the same root as sibi and suus, and thus signify- ing being one's own pro- perty.

EXERCISES

75

pursuit, zkoumdni, verbal noun.

of or belonging to knowledge, vedecky, adj.

to become, stati se.

watchwords, use sing, heslo, n.s.

of or belonging to the time, casovy. These words should be put in the predicative instrumental, as it is called, which will be found fully explained on p. 66.

on which account, procez ; also take.

prejudices, predsudek, s.m. (lit. judgement formed before- hand, pred-soud).

which up to that time had pre- vailed, use adj. dosavadm, and put it before the noun ; dosavad, up to that time.

on the subject (lit. in the cause), pricina, s.f., cause.

history, dejiny, s.f. (only used in plural) ; lit. what is done, hence history. Cf. the Ger. Geschichte.

literary, literdrni.

memorials, pamdtka, s.f. (fr. po, prep., and mat, the same root as mens).

to disappear, mizeti.

further, dalh', irreg. comp. of dalny, where the ny is only formative of the adjective.

destruction, hubeni, s.n.

to stop, staviti, past part. pass. slaveny.

and, here use ano.

occupation, inquiry, pursuit, zpytovdni.

to show, odkazovati.

friend, pritel, plur. pfdtely, fr. a root signifying ' to be agree- able ' ; for irreg. plur. see p. 9.

history; the author uses the word historia, which however is very little employed in Bohemian.

domestic, domaci.

as it were,/#/£0£/0.

chief, hlavny, adj.

a source, pram en, s.m.

historical, historicky.

truth, pravda, s.f.

especially, particularly, zejme'na.

century, age, vek, m.

to become, stdvati se, iterative of stdti.

favourite, ollibeny (lit. beloved), and thus the past part, of a verb has become an adjec- tive.

subject, predmlt\ use pred. instr. The word may also mean object (pred, before, and met, to throw). It seems to have come into the other

76

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

Slavonic languages from Polish, study, studte, f.

having many sides, mnoho- stranny (fr. mnoho, much, and strana, a side).

EXERCISE IV.

Thereupon followed the complete rout of the remainder, who fought in their position on the mountain. The greater part took flight to the gate of Strahov, among them the elder Anhalt. The Moravians fought the longest, a small band led by the younger Thurn and Henry Slik. Being surrounded on a place called the Star, they fought as long as they could, and almost all were killed or taken prisoners. The field of battle was covered with 6,000 slain ; the entire camp of the Bohemians fell into the power of the enemy.

Meanwhile, when the battle began, the rival king sat in the castle at a banquet with lords and ladies. A messenger came from Anhalt to remind him that he should hurry to the field of battle for the greater encouragement of his men to bravery. But Frederick did not think the matter so pressing, and went to his dinner. At the gate of Strahov he was met by the wild flight of his soldiery, who sought a refuge in Prague.

there, thereupon, tu.

to follow, ndsledovati, 6th conj.;

root sled, a track ; posled, the

last, the complete, uplny; root pin,

same as Lat. plenus. defeat, pord%ka ; • root raz, a

blow.

the last, the remainder, ostatni. to fight, bojovati, 6th conj.

position, postaveni, n., verbal

noun.

mountain, hill, hora, s.f. greater, vltli, irreg. comp. of

veliky. part, dil. to take to flight, dati se na utek

(u-tek, cf. te'ci, to flow, to

run), the gate, brdna, s.f.

EXERCISES

77

of Strahov : use the adjective, which is much more em- ployed in Bohemian than in English.

among, mezi.

the elder (lit. old), starf.

the longest, nejd/le, superla- tive adverb.

to fight, to defend themselves, brdniti.

the Moravians, Moravant.

a small, maly '; same root as the English small. Cf. Ger. schmaL

to lead, vestL See irregular verbs, p. 50.

young, mlad}>.

Henry, Jindhch.

to surround, obstoupiti\ see force of ob in composition. Lat. ambi\ Gk. dp^t.

a place, misto, s.n.

called, recentf, fr. rid, to speak. See under verbs of ist conj., class 3. Of this verb only parts are found, refanjr is past part, passive.

already, jez.

then, tehddz.

the Star, Hvezda.

up to, do, prep.

the last, posledni.

the act of being overpowered, premozeni.

almost, te'mer.

finally, konehil.

to kill, zbiti; ist conj., 5th class.

or, nebo.

to capture, zjimati, took \jima, to have, to take. See ist conj., class 4, for the simple verb jiii ; this aspect belongs to the 5th conj.

the field of battle, boj-M ; -istl, favourite termination for the place where a thing is done, occurnng in many Slavonic languages.

cover, pokryti. See irreg. verbs.

killed, zabitjt (also zbity\

camp, leZeni; root leS-e/i, 3rd conj. Cf. Ger. Lager.

whole, celf. Cf. Gk. Ka\6s, Ger. heil.

fall, upadati, upadnouti. The second aspect (perfect aspect of unity) had better be used, and, the nou falling out, it will become upadlo. There is no aspect corresponding to the Russian nacin.

into the power, v moc ; v with the accusative, because mo- tion is implied.

the enemy, nepritel.

time, chvile ; meanwhile, lit. during that time (in gen.), as point of time is often

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

expressed in the Slavonic languages.

battle, bit-va, s.f. Cf. bi-ti, to strike.

to begin, zacatt. See ist conj., 4lh class. The pres. is zacnu, the n being explained by the existence of a nasal originally, as is the case with all verbs of this conjugation. The nasals existed in Old Slavonic, but have now dis- appeared except in Polish and some dialects of Bul- garian.

the rival king, vzdorokrdl Cf. Russ. BSflOp'L, nonsense.

to sit, sedlti.

in, na.

castle, hrad, s.m.

at, pri.

dinner, hostma, s.f.; host, a guest.

banquet, hostma skvostnd (lit. luxurious dinner).

lord, pan, s.m. ; lady, pant, s.f.

a messenger, pose/, m.

from, od.

to CQme}pri)'eti. See irreg. verbs.

to remind, napommati (use supine after the verb of motion, and see remarks on the supine, p. 35).

that, aby.

to hurry, pospisiti.

for, pro.

omit ' men ' ; the gen. case of the possessive pronoun is sufficient.

bravery, udaiensivi, s.n. (lit. giving oneself up, self-aban- donment, u- dat^).

but, ah.

Frederick, Bedrich.

to take, think, brati (put nega- tive with verb according to the Bohemian idiom).

the matter, vec, s.f.

pressing, pilny.

to go,/*//. See irregular verbs.

up to, to, az po (usque ad). Ob- serve the preposition po, fre- quently used in the Slavonic languages after verbs of motion.

dinner; here use tabule, table, s.f.

to meet with, potkati se s (with instr.).

wild, divy.

soldiery, vojsko, collective sub- stantive.

to seek, hledati (lit. to look after).

a refuge, utotilfe, s.n.; root '(ok-. Cf. previous remarks on termination -iste.

Prague, Praha. Remember consonantal mutations, h be- comes z (see p. 3).

EXERCISES

79

EXERCISE V.

The gates of the city were closed ; the streets in the market- place strongly occupied by soldiery, especially Saxon. On a balcony before the Town Hall sat the judges and the imperial commissioners, before "whose eyes the prisoners were brought one after the other from the Town Hall on a scaffold to the block. The first beheaded was Joachim Andrew Slik. . . . Dr. Jan Jesensk^, a celebrated medical man and rector of the University, had first his tongue torn from his mouth and then his head cut off; his body was quartered under the gallows and placed on stakes about the streets. Mercy was shown to Sixtus of Ottersdorf when he was already on the scaffold, and he was taken back to prison. While the execution lasted, the drums were beaten continually, and trumpets were blown, so that the speeches of the condemned men should not be heard, who all went to death with manly courage.

of the city, niestskjr.

to close, zavriti.

a street, ulice.

a square, market-place, ndmesti.

to occupy, osdzeti.

especially, nejvice.

Saxon, Saskj.

a balcony, altan (from the

German).

before, in front of, pred. the Town Hall, radnice, f. a judge, soudce (see p. 8 about

these nouns derived from

verbs which belong to the

first declension), commissioner, komissar.

imperi2L\,ctsarsfty (see rule about the formation of the plur. of adjectives ending in -sky').

eye, oko (see rule about the duals of some of these nouns).

a prisoner, vez-en, s.m. (from a root signifying ' to bind.' Cf. Russ. csssKa, a bundle.)

to bring, to lead, voditi.

after the other, podruhem.

from, z.

scaffold, leseni.

to the block, ke stinadlu (from stinadlo) ; observe ke, because the next word begins with two consonants.

8o

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

to behead, stiti\ past part, pass. sfdt. Connected with this verb is utiti, to cut off.

Doctor, Doklor.

celebrated, slavn$.

medical man, lekar, s.m.; verb leliti, to heal. Cf. leach.

rector, rektor.

University, Universita (turn thus: to Dr. J. Jesensty, the tongue was torn).

to tear out, vyrezati.

mouth, its/a, pi. n.

first, nejprve.

then, /0/0#!.

head, hlava.

body, tllo.

to quarter, Uvrtiti. See con- sonantal change of / into <*,

P- 3-

gallows, libenice, C

a stake, koh', n.

about the streets, po ulidch.

to place here and there, roz-

strkati. to show, to inform, ozndmiti

(turn in following order : to

Sixtus of Ottersdorf mercy

was shown), mercy, milost, s.f.

to lead, conduct, zavesti. back, nazpet (root pata, the

heel).

prison, vlzeni, s.n. while, pokud. the execution, poprava. to last, /rz>0#. to beat, tlouci. Use past part.,

it was beaten, continually, ustavicne. on the drums, v bubny, accus. ;

from buben^ a drum, to blow a trumpet, troubiti ; use

past part. pass, so that should not be heard ;

turn: so that it should not

be to hear (one of the ways

of avoiding a direct pass.

form).

a speech, rW, s.f. to condemn, odsouditi ; change

of d into z in past part.

pass, went, Hi (see rule about this

irregular verb in Grammar,

istconj., ist division, p. 49). to death, na smrt. courage, mysl, s.f. manly, vigorous, muzny.

EXERCISES

81

EXERCISE VI.

A vigorous defence of the. Bohemian language and people issued in the year 1615 from the general diet itself, which pronounced in the presence of the Emperor Matthias this memorable resolution: 'As the Estates have brought to recollection how their esteemed ancestors judged that with the destruction of the Bohemian language both the Bohemian people and the name of the Bohemians must perish, they have laid it down as a law that in the courts in this country no other language besides the Bohemian shall be spoken/

vigorous, razny.

defence, obrana, s.f.

to issue, vyjiti', past tense vysel. See remarks on this irregular form previously given.

year, rok.

general, generalni.

diet, snem, s.m. (lit. taking toge- ther, assembly) : the n is inorganic and is frequently added in Slavonic ; s, prep., and root jiti, to take, see under 4th division of the ist conjugation. For an- other instance of a parasitic n cf. smdane, breakfast; s, prep., idane, connected with jedem. jidlo ; so also jidelna, the salle a manger at an hotel.

self, sam.

to utter, declare, smluviti.

presence, pritomnosf, f. (for a similarly formed word cf. potomstvo, n., posterity).

the Emperor, char.

memorable, pamdtny.

resolution, usneseni, n., verbal substantive.

the Estate, stav, s.m.

to themselves, sobe, a some- what redundant use of the reflexive which is found in all the Slavonic languages ; thus cf. the expression, ndrod sobe, the very people.

recollection, pamet, s.f.

to bring, phvesti. See irreg. verbs.

how, kterak.

esteemed, vzdcnj.

ancestors, pfedkove.

to judge, souditi.

82

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

that, to, $e.

destruction, zuhynuti, s.n.

name;//72/7W, s.n.

must, by musilo ; by is explained in the form of the perfect verb. Originally an aorist of the verb bylit it is now

only used in tense forma- tion.

must, musiti, borrowed from German miissen. The pro- per Slavonic is the imper- sonally used treba, as jest treba, one must.

EXERCISE VII.

After the great diet of the Bohemian crown, Charles betook himself in the same year, 1355, to Nuremberg, and held an imperial diet, in which he offered to the electors, princes, and other Estates in the German Empire a plan for new regulations, especially on the subject of the elections of the kings and the rights of the electors. There was a unanimous agreement for the most part on every subject already at that diet ; for the rest also in the equally celebrated diet [held] at Metz in the year 1356 ; and Charles gave for that a letter generally known under the name of the Golden Bull, which from that time remained the fundamental law of the German Empire for some centuries. And by this letter Charles again affirmed the old accurate rela- tions of Bohemia to the German Empire, for by a special article he declared that the sons of the electors and the other German princes should learn the Bohemian language, as being important and useful in the Empire.

after, po.

great, velky or veliky. diet, sriem (vide supra), crown, koruna, s.f. to betake oneself, to

odebrati se. Charles, Kurd.

depart,

the same year, tehoZ roku. See remarks in Syntax on the use of the genitive.

Nuremberg, Normberk.

to hold, dr%eti.

imperial, rfssky (Ger. Retch).

in, na.

EXERCISES

offer, propose to, pred loziii (lit. to lay before).

elector, kurfirst (fr. German).

prince, knife (for plural see /-stems among the declen- sions).

other, jiny.

the Empire, rise, f.

a plan, navrh, m. (lit. on the top).

especially, jmenovite.

in the matter, v pricine (lit. the cause).

the election, volba (-ba, a com- mon feminine termination of substantives derived from verbs).

a king, krdl (fr. the Ger. Karl by metathesis, i. e. from Charles the Great, or Charle- magne, a monarch with whom the Slavs came early into conflict).

a right, prdvo, s.n.

unanimous, jednosvorny.

agreement, usneseni ; verbal noun (lit. carrying).

for the most part, vetlim dilem.

already, /df&

for the rest, ostatkem ; instr. of ostatok.

equally, rovnlz.

celebrated, slavny.

at Metz, v Metzi.

give forth to, vydati. See the list of prepositions in com- position with verbs.

letter, s.m., list.

known, znamy; used as an ad- jective, but really pres. part, pass, of zndti, to know ; see ist conj. In many of the Slavonic languages we have these participles used more or less as adjectives. Cf. Bulgarian.

generally, vubec.

Golden, zlaty.

Bull, bulla.

from that lime, odtud.

to remain, zustati.

fundamental, zdkladni.

law, zakon ; put the noun and its adjective in the predica- tive instr.

for some centuries, na nekolik stoleti. nekolik, an adverb governing a genitive case, like Lat. parum sapientiae.

letter, document, listina ; almost a synonym of list.

affirm, or confirm to, stvrditi, from tvrdy\ firm, the prep. s plays just the same part as con- in the Lat. confirmare.

again, oplt\ root~/a/#, the heel. See supra.

old, stary.

G 2

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

accurate, legal, prdvm.

Ye\ation,pomer, s.m.

Bohemia, Cechy ; used in plur.

special, zldvstm.

article, artikul.

to establish, declare, unstano- viti.

that, aby se; the se is put quite at the beginning of the sen- tence, after a-by (fr. bych].

son, syn.

to learn, utiti se, which origin- ally signifies ' to get used to,' and thus always takes the dative of the noun which it governs, thus: to learn the Bohemian language, utiti se jazyku hskemu.

important, vdzn$.

useful, potrebny.

EXERCISE VIII.

Quite at the beginning of his reign he devoted himself to great changes in matters of religion. He gave in the year 1781 the so-called edict or patent of toleration, by which permission was accorded to the Protestants to live in the imperial territories and to perform the services of God according to their rite openly, with certain exceptions and limitations. After so long a time which had passed since the Roman Catholic reformation of the Emperor Ferdinand II, there were always preserved in Bohemia remains of those who professed dissenting forms of faith, especially in the districts where there was not a sufficient number of clergy, and they now came forward openly with various and confused teaching, because for such a long time they had had no proper Church organization. By the officials and Roman Catholic community they were collectively called Hussites, being in reality rather descendants of the Bohemian Brothers.

immediately, quite, hned.

at, na.

the beginning, potdtek.

reign, pdnovant, s.n. to give oneself, dati se. changes, promena, s.f.

EXERCISES

religion, ndbozenstvi, s.n.

to give forth, issue, vydati. (After the past tense add the letter / for emphasis, the use of which is explained on p. 65.)

to call, zvdti. See irreg. verbs.

the edict, edikt.

or, nebo-li ; li being a differ- entiating particle, signifying whether, and also used to ask a question.

patent, patent.

of toleration, o toleranci, i. e. concerning toleration.

to permit, povoliti.

Protestant, Protestant. (Must be put in the dative after permit.)

to live, dwell, prebyvati.

territory, land, zeme, s.f.

imperial, cisarsky.

perform, konati.

service, sluzba, s.f.

belonging to God, bozi (Buh, God). For phonetics cf. kun, gen. kone.

according to, die.

rite, rdd.

openly, verejne, adv. (fr. a root ver-\

certain, jisty.

only, toliko.

exception, vyminka, f.

limitation, ohrada, s.f.

long, dlouhjt.

time, cas, s.m.

to pass, uplynouti, v. neut.

since Catholic, &c.: use od, from.

Catholic (Roman), katolicky.

Reformation, reformaci.

always, v%dy.

to preserve, zachovati or za-

chavati. remains, zbytky, s.m. (sing.

zbytek). a man who professes, vyznavac

(fr. vy, and root zna, to

know), dissenting, odchylny (fr. chyliti,

to deny), a district, krajina, s.f. (root

kraj, country or border ; cf.

Ukraine]. there was not, nebyl (compound

negative with past tense), sufficient, dostatecny. number, pocel, s.m. clergy, duchovenstvo, s.n. come forward, vystoupiti\ iy

and stup, a step. now, nyni.

openly, najevo. Cf. Russ.Ha SBy. teaching, ucenz, s.n. of various descriptions, ruzny. confused, zmateny\ root mat

to confuse. Russ. MVT-. because, ponevadz.

86

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

they had had, use nedostdvalo (dostdvati), with gen. of thing wanted.

any, %ddny. See p. 29 for an ex- planation of this expression.

belonging to the Church, drkevm.

by, od. See the use of this to express the agent.

official, tirad, s.m.

community, obecenstvo, s.n. (ob- ecny\.

to call, nazyvdti.

collectively, indiscriminately,

vesmes. Hussites, Husity (fr. Jan Hus,

the reformer), in reality, skulkem (fr. skuteK) ;

instance of the case of a noun

being used for an adverb, descendant, potomek, s.m. a brother, brair, m. For irreg.

plur. see remarks on ist

declension, p. 8.

EXERCISE IX.

The part of the imperial army which was collected for the leading of Gotze from various garrisons, and to which the army from Silesia was about to be added as a defence against the Saxons, was annihilated by Arnim before the junction took place, in the battle fought at Nimburg. Then came the Elector himself to Prague and stayed there some months as in a country permanently annexed to his dominions. Under the protection of the Saxons the Bohemian emigrants returned in great num- bers to their country, and took possession of their former estates. Henry of Thurn, now in the military service of the King of Sweden, and Wenceslaus of Roupov, the Bohemian high chancellor in the reign of the Palatine Frederick, returned also, and with much ceremony caused the twelve heads of their friends and comrades, who had been beheaded, to be taken down from the tower on the bridge and to be buried in the Tyn church. Preparations were also made for the renewal of Protestant worship in the churches in the country. Before everything the Jesuits were again banished from Prague and

EXERCISES

other places. There was then a conference of eighty-five evangelical clergymen and of those belonging to the Brother- hood in a synod in the Charles College, and they made an appeal to the Utraquist Estates about renewing the con- sistory and academy. In the midst of the progress of the Saxon arms Gustavus Adolphus extended his power over the greater part of Germany, and established everything so as to prepare for himself imperial rule on a new basis.

the part, oddil.

to collect, sebrati.

the leading, vedem.

various, rozlicny.

garrison, posddka.

to which, ku ktere'rmi. Observe

the use of ku before the two

consonants, was about; use past tense of

mtii. to unite itself, pripojiti se (the

last part of the compound is jiti, to take). Silesia, Sleszko.

a defence, obrana ; as a de- fence, render (to a defence), against, proti. a Saxon, Sas. annihilated, utterly defeated;

use verb poraziti (root raz,

a blow).

before that, driv nez. union, junction, pripojeni. battle, boj, s.m. (ist declension,

like met

fought at ; translate by the past

part, of sve'sti (sve'sti bitvu,

the Bohemian phrase for ' to

join battle.' at, u.

to come, pristlhovati. himself, sam. to stay, /0<5j/#. some (of) months, a month,

mesic.

for ever, na vzdy. dominions, panstvi. protection, ochrana. return, navrdtiti se. emigrant, vystlhovalec. in great numbers, u velikem

poctu.

country, native, vlast, f. to establish themselves in, take

possession of, uvdzuli se v. former, predesly (pred, before,

and -$lyt cf. past tense of

verb,/z?/'). estate, statek, s.m. Henry, Jindrich.

88

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

military, vojensky.

service, sluzba, s.f.

Swedish, Svedsfijt.

chancellor, kancler.

during (the reign), za.

Palatine, falcky (Ger. Pfalz).

return, vrdtiti. See navrdtiti, a compound of the same verb.

with much ceremony, ve slav- nem pruvodu] pruvod is literally a band of persons accompanying some one.

to take down, sejmouti; trans- late dali sejmouti, literally gave to take down, which illustrates at the same time the Slavonic avoidance of a purely passive form.

head, hlava.

cut off, staty. See previous explanation of this verb.

comrade, soudruh, s.m.

a tower, vez, f.

belonging to the bridge, mostsky.

to bury, pochovati.

of Tyn, Tynsky.

a preparation, pnprava. See other compounds of this word, as rozprava, poprava, &c.

renewal, obnovem.

worship ; translate ' rites of the church/

a Jesuit, Jesuita.

before everything, prede vszm.

to banish, vypovedeti (lit. to order out of the place, to forbid).

a place, misto, s.n.

there was a conference, there met, seslo se. This must be put in the neuter, as is often done when the verb comes at the head of the sentence. Cf. such expressions in Ger- man as es sind ; French, ily a.

clergyman, priest, knlz, plur. kneze, same root as knize, a prince, but not to be con- founded with it. Both are from the Old Ger. kunings ; just as in England in the old time clergymen were called Dominus and Sir.

evangelical, evangelicky.

belonging to the brotherhood, bratvsky. Hereby is meant the Bohemian Brothers, who when expelled from their native country formed com- munities in many others of this fraternity. The cele- brated John Amos Comenius was a bishop (see Life, by Kvacala).

a synod, synoda.

EXERCISES

89

College, Kollej, f./,..

of Charles, Karlqsp (the cele- brated German emperor and Bohemian king who gave the Golden Bull).

to make, uciniti.

an appeal, provoldni.

the Utraquists or Calixtines,/^ oboji\ the regular Bohemian expression for those who took the sacrament in both kinds. See oba, under numerals.

consistory, konsistore.

academy, akademia.

the progress, prospivani.

amidst, mezi.

arms, zbran, s.f., sing.

to spread, rozliriti.

Gustavus Adolphus, Gustav

Adolf,

power, moc, s.f. over, po. part, casi, s.f. to establish, zarizovati. preparation, spusobeni. for himself, dat., like Lat. sibi. basis, foundations, zdklad, s.m.

(use plur.).

EXERCISE X.

After these changes in Church matters the Emperor Joseph was seized with his favourite idea quite at the beginning of his reign, that the German language should be established among all the Austrian peoples as the means of school organization. Already in the second month after the death cf Maria Theresa the imperial order went forth concerning Bohemia that no one should be received into a public school without an adequate knowledge of the German language (1780, Dec. 30). By a new arrangement of studies also, published in the year 1784, German was made the language in which instruction was to be given in the public schools in place of Latin ; so also in the University of Prague the employment of the German language was extended, especially by the introduction of it into all the subjects of the philosophical faculty. Less care was taken about the advancement of knowledge in the University studies by the orders of the Government. The new regulations from

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

the year 1784 gave to the studies a retrogressive tendency rather for the necessities of the state-service, which they pre- served till lately, by the arrangement of examinations with a view to fitness with regard to public offices. Learned literature, however, none the less developed itself through the general awakening of (men's) efforts towards mental progress already from the time of Maria Theresa. Bohemia had from the year 1769 a private club of learned men, which was made a public institution by the Emperor Joseph in 1784, under the name of the Royal Bohemian Society of Arts. Mathematical and physical sciences, and history, especially Bohemian, were pursued by their members and also other scholars with equal enthusiasm and success. From the circle of these men issued then the critical investigator of the Slavonic languages and scholar of European celebrity, Joseph Dobrowsky.

after, vedle.

change, promena, s.f.

was occupied (or seized) : turn this round so as to avoid a passive form (according to the genius of the Slavonic languages), and translate, 'his favourite idea seized the Emperor/ &c.

to seize (or occupy), zabavovatt.

also, rovne%.

beginning, pocdlek, s.m.

favourite, zalzbend; really past part. pass, of zalibiti, now used as an adjective.

idea, myslenka ; a diminutive form.

that the German language

should be, aby se jazyk nl- mecky, &c. Observe the position of the reflexive pro- noun in the sentence.

to establish, to plant in, vsiipiti.

Austrian, rakousky. For the explanation of this name vide supra.

a means, prodstred. Here use the pred. instr.

belonging to a school, skolni.

organization, zrtzeni, n., verbal noun.

al ready, jiz.

to go forth, vyjili. See the irregular verbs.

the order, narizeni, s.n.

that no one ; use two negatives

EXERCISES

(which in the Slavonic lan- guages do not make an affirmative), and affix the last negative to the verb.

received ; use past part, of verb jiti, to take (only used in compounds), here prijtti, and apocopate the participle as it is a predicate.

into ; use here do, with gen., in the sense of ' as far as/

public school, gymnasium.

without, bez, gen.

adequate, dostatecny,

knowledge, zndmosL

December, prosmec, m.

to publish, give forth, vydati.

the German language, nlmcina (for this termination cf. such forms as polltina, the Polish language).

to make, uciniti.

the teaching language (or lan- guage in which instruction was given), vyucovaci.

in place of, misto, adv. ; takes the gen.

Latin, latino. , s.f.

also, tez. Cf. Russian Toace.

in ; here use na.

University, Universita.

of Prague, Prazsky, adj.

to spread, extend, rozliriti. See use of prepositions in

comp. for roz- and siriti. Cf. h'ry, wide, broad.

the use, uzivdm, s.n.

especially, zvldste.

the introduction, zavedeni, n.

subject, predmlt.

faculty, fakulta, s.f.

philosophical, filosoficky.

of or concerning; use o with the accus.

of knowledge, or science, ve- decky.

progress, prospech, s.m.

in University studies, pri stu- diich. See the use of pri among the prepositions.

to take care, pecovati (to be busy or anxious about; really connected with the verb peci, to bake). Cf. such Latin ex- pressions as coquit timor.

the order, zarizeni (we have already had this noun com- pounded with other preposi- tions).

government, belonging to, vlad- ni (same root as English weald] Ger. Ge-walt).

less, mene. Cf. Lat. minus.

retrogressive, obrdceny (lit. turned back) ; obrdtiti for ob- vrdtiti, the b having pushed out the v. The participle has become an adjective.

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

tendency, smer, s.m. rather, vice. a want, potreba, s.f. state, of or belonging to, stdtni. to preserve, zachovati. up to, az do.

recent, neddvny (lit. not long

ago), but cf. remarks supra

on the negative adjectives.

an attempt, examination, proof,

zkomka. Cf. kus, a bite;

hence, a trial.

to decide, rozhodovati, 6th conj. fitness, schopnos/, s.f. office, urad. literature, literatura, s.f. to develop, zmdhati. Another

aspect of zmoci\ see irreg.

verbs.

still, however, vsak. none the less, nicmene, adv. general, obecny.

arousing, awakening, probuzeni. an effort, snaha, s.f. the progress, pokrok. Cf. krok,

a step.

spiritual, mental, duchovni. private, soukromy (root krom,

as in krome, beside), club, society, spolek, m. (s

and polk, same word as folk,

o^Xo?, vulgus, &c., which in

Russian has become limited

to the army).

learned, uceny. a man, muz. to raise, povyliti. known, public, uznany ] pub- licly known, verejnl uznany. under the name, pod jmenem.

See w-stems among nouns, royal, krdlovsky. society, spolecnost, s.f. knowledge, science, veda, s.f. (root ved, to know ; Ger. wissen ; our ' wit '). mathematical, mathematicky. physical or natural, prirodni (pnroda, nature); use the form mathematico-prirodni. pursued, cultivated, phtovdti. Cf. Russ. ntc^Ht, a guar- dian.

a member, clen. scholar, learned man, ucenec,

s.m. (root uc\ equal, rovny.

enthusiasm, love, Idska. Cf. Russ. jiacKOBaiL ; Swedish, elsk-er, I love, success, prospech, s.m. circle, kruh, s.m. then, tehdy. critical, kriticky. investigator, zpytatel. Slavonic, slovansky. European, europejsky.

EXERCISES

93

EXERCISE XI.

The age of the Emperor Joseph II was but little favourable to the fine arts. The rule of Joseph had no thought of them, but contributed irretrievable injuries by the destruction of the old monuments of learning. Bohemia was filled, just as once by the excesses of the Taborites, with the ruins of the artistic church buildings, when not only the churches of the ruined monasteries, but also many others, were abandoned to destruction by the express orders of the government, which declared that the restoration of them was a useless burden and injurious to the proper management of the State. So matters were arranged carelessly on the destruction of the monasteries, together with the pictures, the statues, and the church furniture of artistic workmanship. Many artistic objects of that sort were entirely destroyed, and together with them also many memorials of learning and sources of history. The Emperor Joseph wished even to turn the castle of Prague into a barracks, and ordered that there should be a public auction to sell the remains of the treasure chamber (1782) and the library (1789) at one time of the Emperor Rudolf II for the value of a mere song.

age, vek, s.m.

little, malo, adv. (vide supra).

favourable, prizniv.

fine arts, umenim vytvorn$m.

had not ; compound the nega- tive with the verb.

any, zddny (vide supra).

thought, inclination, smysl, s.m.

to contribute, furnish, spusobit or zpusobiti.

irretrievably, nenabytj.

injury, skoda, s.f.

destruction, ruleni, n. (verbal

noun), old, starj.

monument, pommk, m. art, ument, s.n. (um, mind);

rozum, understanding ; rozu-

meh', to understand, to fill, naplniti. similarly, in the same way,

podobnl.

94

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

the severity, excesses. In the original the word surovost is used in the singular ; Russ. cypOBOCTL. It is a good Sla- vonic word.

a Taborite, Tddor, fr. ' tabor ^ the celebrated camp forti- fied by Zizka at the time of the Hussite wars.

a ruin, zHcenina, s.f.

artistic, umely. Cf. um and its cognates.

a building, stavba, s.f.

belonging to the church, chrd- movy. An adjective from the old noun chram, a church, which is the original Slavonic name, the other words being borrowed, thus: cirkev.ktrche, and kostel, castellum, these two last words being intro- duced by the German mis- sionaries ; chram is now used more often for a heathen temple.

not only, netoliko.

to ruin, zruliti.

monastery, cloister, klaster.

many, mnohy.

to abandon, zustdvati.

destruction, zkdza, s.f.

at; here use die with the genitive.

express, vyslovny.

order, rozkaz (roz and kaz, to point out, order). Cf. the familiar Russian yKasi..

the government, vldda.

to declare, praviti.

restoration, opravovdm (verbal substantive neuter).

to make, ciniti.

useless, zbyte?n$.

expenditure, ndklad.

injurious, skodltvy.

proper management of the State, or State economy, hospoddrstvi.

of the State, stdtni.

matters were arranged, nakld- dalo se (lit. it arranged itself).

on or at, pri.

easily, lehce ; also lehko.

also, take'.

a picture, obraz, s.m., espe- cially used of religious pic- tures.

statue, socha, s.f.

furniture, ndradi, s.n.

belonging to a church, kos- telni.

workmanship, dilo^ s.n.

many; use the adverb mnoho and put the noun after it in the genitive.

sort, dru/i, m.

were entirely destroyed, prislo na zmar. prislo, fr. prijiti •

EXERCISES

95

vide supra for explanation of

the irregular past tense of

this verb, zmar, destruction.

na zmar prijiti, to perish

utterly, together with, spolu j, with

instr. See remarks supra

on the root poly spolek,

&c. a memorial, pamdtka (lit. a

thing on which the mind is

put).

belonging to history, dljepisny, source, zridlo, s.n. to wish, chtitt. See the forms

of this verb under the 3rd

conj. castle, hradj s.m. (same as Russ.

ropo^i,; Serbian, rpa^t). a barracks, kasdrna, s.f. ; a

word borrowed from the

French, public, verejny. auction;' setting up to sale,

draiba.

to sell, prodati. the remains, ostdtek, s.m. (must

be used in plural), chamber, komora. s.f. (Lat.

camera). treasure, of or belonging to,

pokladni (root klad, to store

up).

library, khihovna, s.f. at one time, nlkdy. for, za (with accus.). value, price, cena. mere song ; translate, ' the

price of old lumber ' ; lum- ber, haraburdi, s.n.

EXERCISE XII.

Both sides then got themselves ready for the war, and the Bohemians first took the field under the generalship of Prokop Hoi/. Having invaded the country of Pilsen, they first tried to get possession of Pilsen, but this time in vain ; they then directed their course further to the frontiers and to Tyn Horsov. But, while the Germans were further planning and hesitating in their expedition, the Bohemian army scattered in various directions at that time, for want of provisions. On the first day of August the crusading army, having been collected near the western frontiers of Bohemia to the number

96 BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

of 90,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry, finally invaded Bohemia. Frederick, Marquis of Brandenburg, as before, was the chief leader ; only King Sigismund remained behind at Nuremberg. After the example of the Bohemians they pro- vided themselves with military carriages for this campaign. At first they made an attack on Tachov ; but, having met with a vigorous resistance, they directed their course further to the castle of Swamberk; where also, having divided them- selves into three divisions, they began savagely to plunder and devastate the intervening country thence to Domazlice. Meanwhile the Bohemians had again collected their military force to the number of 50,000 foot and 5,000 horsemen and went to meet the powerful enemy. There as soon as they approached, and the report of it had reached the German camp, a sudden fear, which was already customary, seized the cru- saders, so that immediately they fled to the Bavarian forest in the greatest disorder. The Bohemians, quickly pursuing them, reached them at Domazlice (August 14). Then the Germans fled precipitately one over the other, and the carriages which were to serve as a protection were entangled in the forests and increased the universal confusion. Of the fugitives many were killed, many taken prisoners, by the Bohemians ; about 3,000 carnages fell into their hands with ample booty, and the expedition had for the Germans a termination more disgraceful than any previous one.

get ready for, miti ' se (with dat.).

the Bohemians, Cechove.

to take, sebrati.

the field, pole.

leading, vedem, n. (verbal noun).

Hoi/, adj., gen. Holeho.

to invade, vtrhnouti\ in the

is dropped. See remarks under 2nd conj. It will be observed that this omission of nu- more often occurs in n. verbs of this conjugation, translate : up to (as far as) the country of Pilsen (do kraje

past part. I and II, the nou \ Plzenskeho).

EXERCISES

97

to try, pokusiti se.

first, nejprve.

to get possession of, o dobyii.

but, ac.

this time, tenkrate.

in vain, darmo.

to direct one's course, tdhnouti

(Slavonic root meaning ' to

stretch '). In the past tense

the nu is lost. further, dale. frontier, hranice, f. (borrowed

by the Germans as Grenze). as far as, az k. further (of time), dele. to plan, rozmyzleti, v.a. to hesitate, meskati se. expedition, vyprava, s.f. to scatter itself, rozjiti. See

irreg. past tense sub voce. at that time, na ten cas. for (owing to), pro. food, spize, Ger. Speise. first, teprv, adv. ; use the gen.

dne, point of time ; also gen.

of Srpen, August. crusader, knzovy, adj. (khz,

cross).

to collect, sebrati. near, bliz (with gen.). western, zdpadni (zdpad, the

west; lit. the place where

the sun sets).

foot, pelt (where we see a re-

currence of the root of Lat.

pes, foot ; the Bohemian word

being noha). cavalry, jizdny, adj. to invade, vtrhnouti, and see

remarks on this verb supra. finally, konecnl. marquis, markrabi. of Brandenburg, Brandenbur-

sky. previously, predesle, adv. of

predesly (pred, before, and

sly used in past tense ofjiti). the chief, vrchni (yrch, the sum-

mit).

leader, or commander, velitel. to remain, zustati. behind, pozadu. Nuremberg, Normberk. to provide, opatriti. a German, Nemec. campaign, expedition, tazent,

s.n. a carriage, vozt s.m.

s.f., war). to attack, uderiti, v.a., con-

structed with na (Russ.

yzjapt, a blow). but, ale.

to meet, potkati se. vigorous, muzny, adj. (muz, a

man).

98

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

resistance, odpor (root priti.

See 5th conj.). direct one's course, tdhnouti\

omit nu in past tense. further, dale. also, then, pak. to divide, rozdlliti. into, na. three divisions, tri oddily. Ob-

serve carefully the govern-

ment of the numerals. savagely, ukrutne (root krui);

adj. kruly, steep, precipi-

tous.

plunder, pleniti. devastate, or rob, loupiti. intervening, pomezni. from thence, odlud. Domazlice ; used in plural as

the names of many Polish

towns and villages are. Cf.

Macieiowice, the name of

the place at which Koscius-

zko was taken prisoner.

The place is now called

Tauss.

meanwhile, rnezitim, adv. again, opet. military, vojensky. force, stfa, s.f. horsemen, or cavalry, jezdec

(he has previously used

to meet, vstric proti; used as

an adverb. In Russia the form of the noun is still preserved in such expres- sions as HaBCipkiy. Use dat. after adv.

powerful, mocny.

enemy, nepritel. Observe effect of negative.

hardly, sotva.

to come near, phbliziti se.

had reached (lit. had gone forth), vyjiti.

report, hlas, s.m.

camp, vofste.

sudden, naMy.

fear, s track, s.m.

customary, obycejny (root yc, same as uc. Cf. previous remarks).

stizt,popadnouti', use past tense - with the omission of the syllable nu.

a crusader, krizdk.

immediately, ihned.

disorder, neporddek.

they took to flight, dali se na titek (u-tek, see irreg. verbs, //«', to flow).

forest, les, m.

Bavarian, bavorsky.

a Bohemian, Cech.

quickly, rychle.

after them, za nimi.

to hurry, chvdtati.

EXERCISES

99

to reach, dostihnouti\ use past

tense, without nu. at, u.

to flee, utikati. over, pres. which were to serve, mh'se;

past part, of miti. See rules

on the idiomatic uses of this

verb.

to serve, slouziti. a defence, obrana, s.f. to entangle, zaplesti. See ist

conj., ist class, to increase, rozmnoziti (roz-

mnohd).

universal, general, vseobecny. confusion, zmatek, s.m. many ; use mnoho.

to kill, zabiti.

to take prisoner, zijimdti (same root as in the verb ' to take ').

fell; use padlo in neut., the number being taken as a kind of lump sum, a very characteristic form in Sla- vonic.

into their hands, do rukou. Ob- serve dual form.

ample, abundant, hojny.

booty, korisf, s.f.

had, vziti, to take. See p. 39.

for, or concerning, pro.

an end, konec^ s.m.

disgraceful, ohavny.

previous, predesly.

EXERCISE XIII.

As may easily be imagined, one cannot venture, in a survey of romantic poetry of the old time in general and lyric poetry in particular, to omit Bohemian and Slavonic poetry, even if there were an anxiety that the parallel would not be so favourable as we could perhaps have wished from the standpoint of the nineteenth century. Certainly romanticism showed its influence, although not in such a luxuriant fashion upon us Bohemians and upon the Slavs in general ; and must therefore also have its history among us. But on the whole this appellation Slavonic, which also in the Middle Ages played its part, as for example in the Hussite movement in Bohemia, often in

H 2

100

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

meaning corresponding to our conception of Slavism, exhibits itself in Kochanowski, Gundulic, and other Polish and Ragusan poets and authors; but in the most remote east the word ' Slavonic ' had especially the signification of religious, signi- fying the old ecclesiastical language used in the service of the Orthodox Church. Dante, who first was thoroughly acquainted with this matter of raising the language of the people, or rather dialect, to literary importance in opposition to the domination of Latin, recognizes in his writing de vulgari eloquentia the excellent ethnographical classification of Europe into the Roman, Teutonic, and Slavonic, but he speaks of the Slavs only cur- sorily as if he had not much to say about them.

as may easily be imagined; translate se samo sebou rozu- mf, and observe the redun- dant reflexive.

to be bold, to dare, ne smiti.

a survey, prehled (root hied, to look).

romantic, romanticky.

poetry, poesie. The regular Bohemian word, however, is bdsniclvi.

age, time, vek.

in general, vubec (v-obec).

lyric poetry, lyrika.

particularly, zvldlt (vlast, what specially belongs to one, hence native country ; cf. Russ. oSjiacTt, district, for

0(5-BJiaCTL).

to be wanting, schdze/i. Slavonic, Slovansky.

even if, ifebas, conj.

anxiety, care, obava.

parallel, paralela.

fall, vypadnouti\ prefix ne to the verb.

favourable, priznivy\ trans- late, ' should fall so favour- ably.'

standpoint, hledilte, s.n. Ob- serve termination, root hied.

century, stoleti (sto, hundred ; le'to, year ; also summer, pro- bably because summer was considered the most impor- tant part of the year).

probably, snad.

to wish, prdti, used with re- flexive.

certainly, zajisle'.

romanticism, romantika.

to show,jew'ti.

EXERCISES

101

influence, v/tv, s.m. (root v-liti, to pour in).

certainly, confessedly, arci.

equally, zrovna.

in a luxuriant fashion ; use pres. part, of rozhodovati, to be luxuriant.

must, museti (borrowed from German).

history, historia. [The writer seems to prefer words of Latin origin, of which there are good Bohemian equiva- lents.]

on the whole, celkem.

appellation, name, ndzev, s.m., from na, prep., and zva-tt, to call. Cf. also ozvena, an echo.

the Middle Ages, stredovek, s.m. sired, root signifying middle ; / frequently inserted after ,$• in Bohemian, thus, cf. slri- bro ; Russ. cepeftpo ; Eng. silver.

to play, hrdti. Russ. nrpaiL. Observe Bohemian h sub-

. stituted for g.

certainly, sice.

role, roli; borrowed from French.

for example, ku premeru, fre- quently shortened into ku

the movement, hnuti, verbal subst. neut.

Hussite, husitsky.

but, nebo.

often, tasto.

meaning, smysl.

our, nas.

conception, poneti, s.n. ; practi- cally the same meaning as pojem, and also derived from the verb jiti, to take; the n being merely added for euphony (vide remarks supra).

Slavism, Slovanstvo.

corresponding to, or like, po- dobny.

to exhibit itself, vyskytovali se.

in, u, which is frequently used very much like chez in French.

Kochanowski, Jan, the cele- brated Polish poet of the sixteenth century (1530-

1584). Gundulic, the chief poet of

Ragusa, author of the poem

'Osman' (1588-1638). poet, bdsnik, s.m. author, writer, sptsovaUl, s.m. Polish, pohky. Ragusan, dubrovnicky, fr. du-

brovnik, the Slavonic name

for Ragusa.

102

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

but, avsak.

in, na.

remote, vzddleny.

east, vychod, s.m.

the word, slovo.

the meaning, signification, vyz- nam, s.m.

especially, predevsim (lit. before everything).

religious, ndbo%ensky.

import, signify, naznatovati.

sacred, ecclesiastical, posvdtny, alluding to the oldest form of Slavonic known, in which the Gospels and other por- tions of the Bible were translated in the ninth cen- tury by St. Cyril and Methodius.

divine service, bohosluzba, s.f.

orthodox, pravoslavny, the name of the Greek Church as opposed to the Latin.

the Church, cirkev (vide supra on the uses of this word).

thoroughly, tultm.

acquainted, vedom. Originally the pres. part. pass, of the verb ved, to know, but now used merely as an adjective. In the original, si prvni byl vedom, where we get a good example of the redundant

reflexive, so characteristic of the Slavonic languages.

question or matter, tikol] use the genitive here after vedom.

against, proti.

domination, superiority, vrch- panstvi (vrch, upper).

Latin, la/ma, s.f. Cf. remarks previously given of the forms assumed by the names of languages.

to raise, povysiti, v.a. (po-vjfs1-).

literary, literdrni.

importance, dule'zilosL

of the people, adj., prostond- rodni.

of that time, tehdejsi.

rather, le'pe, fr. lepjr, adj., beau- tiful, a word not much used in the Western languages, but common in some of the Eastern, e.g. Serbian.

recognize, know, zndti.

writing, spis, m.

good, dobry.

ethnographical, elnograficky.

classification, division, roztri- denij verbal noun from roz- triditi, to classify.

Europe, Evropa.

branch, kmen, s.m.

Roman, romansky, but, on the other hand, Rim, Rome.

EXERCISES

103

Teutonic, Germansky. A mere scholar's word, the ordinary word being nemecky.

but, avsak (observe compound a-vsak, and compare con- junctive use of a in a-le, a-bo, &c.).

to speak, mluviti.

a Slav, Slovan.

only, jen. Cf. Russ. HHOKL, a monk (lit. a solitary person).

hastily, cursorily, zbezne (z-&h-, to fly, run ; L&t.fugto).

somewhat ignorant, nevlda asi mnoho ; translate, ' somewhat ignorant as to what he might tell about them.'

to tell, povedlti.

EXERCISE XIV.

The Slavs at the time of their arrival in Bohemia, in those respects, in an important way differed from the previous inhabitants of that land, in that they were a people especially fond of agriculture ; thenceforth they developed themselves as quiet and peaceful workers — brave, certainly, but not seeking war, and defending for the most part only their property and native land. And they, as they came to the land, could not have been a numerous people according to the conception of our age ; but in their quiet business multiplied themselves more quickly than their predecessors, and filled the land everywhere with very closely-packed dwellings. From old time the Slavs had lived in houses, each family being more inclined (to live) amidst its fields, because thus the families generally, when they had already multiplied into numerous companies, remained together and did not separate themselves from the land. Villages grew up therefore by the addition of new dwellings. In the development of the people into families, and the families into connexions and townships of this kind, was based all the State organization of the ancient Bohemians. Each township which remained on the undivided soil, which it cultivated,

104

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

elected for itself an elder or ruler, who, like a general father, governed the estate and gave all the orders which were necessary.

a Slav, Slovan, s.m. time, (fas.

arrival, pristlhovani. by that, tim (instr. of ten}. importantly, podstatrie. distinguish, lisiti. previous, predesty. For ex- planation of this word vide supra.

an inhabitant, obyvatel. land, zeme.

before everything, prede vsim. fond of, milovnf. agriculture, orba (root or, same as in arare, to plough. Cf. orat\ Old Slavonic, oradlo. For termination -ba cf. sluzba).

thenceforth, tudiL to habituate themselves, zvyk- nouti ; use past tense with the omission of nu. quiet, tich$.

fruitful, profitable, plodny. labour, prdce (translate, ' they grew accustomed to quiet and profitable labour '). brave, chrabry. surely, sice.

to seek, vyhtedavati (lit. to look out for).

war, boj] use gen. plur.

but, neZ.

to defend, hdjiti.

for the most part, chiefly, hlavne.

only, jen.

their property, jmeni.

soi\,puda, s.f.

to come, prijiti.

to be able, mod '(prefix the nega- tive to the verb).

numerous, cetn$. Cf. pocet.

number, to count, pocitati.

according to, die.

the conception, idea, ponlti. For explanation of this word vide supra.

in consequence of, pri.

quiet, pokojny (pokoj, rest ; also sometimes used for cham- ber).

business, Ztvnost, s.f.; method of life, root of %iti, to live ; cf. also &'z>, alive ; na %ive, living.

to multiply, mnoziti.

quickly, rychtt.

predecessor, predchudce (from

EXERCISES

105

pred, before, and chudce, de- rived from the verb choditi, to go).

to fill, naplnovati (napln, full ; Lat. plenus).

thick, hustjt.

a dwelling, bydliste ; the termi- nation, as previously ex- plained, expresses the place ' where/ and is found in all the Slavonic languages.

from old time, od starodavna. A substantive is coined out of an adjective ; cf. such expressions as CMOJIOJIJ, from youth upwards, in Russian.

to dwell, live, prebyvati.

houses; translate, 'built dwel- lings/

to build, stavlti', past part, used pretty much as an adj.

a dwelling, abode, pribytek.

each, kazdy.

family, rodma, s.f.

being more inclined ; translate, ' preferably/ or ' most pre- ferably/ nejradeji.

a field, pole, s.n.

because, ponevadz.

generally, obycejne (vide supra).

company, friendly group, pro. telstvo, s.n. Cf. the word for friend (same root as Sansk. pri, agreeable).

together, collectively, pohro- made.

separate, dlliti; use neg. com- pounded with the verb; trans- late, 'did not divide them- selves concerning the land.'

a village, vesnice, f.

to grow up, vzniknouti; use the past tense with the omission of the syllable nu.

in this way, therefore, tudy.

accession, addition, pristavovd- nim.

dwelling, obydli, s.n. (root byt, to be).

development, rozvetveni, s.n.; a verbal noun, derived from ros and ve/ev, a branch.

a family, stock, kmen, m.

connexion, or relationship, pri- buzenstvo, s.n. It is very difficult to translate accu- rately these forms.

or, jfjti.

kind, zpusod, s.m. (sometimes written, spusob}.

to establish, base itself, zakld- dati se.

the whole, cely.

belonging to the State, stdtni.

organization, zrizeni, s.n.

township or family, rod.

on undivided soil, v nedilnosti pudy.

io6

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

to cultivate, vzdlldvati.

to choose, voliti (yolba, choice, from the same root, with the feminine termination -ba added).

an elder, starosta.

ruler, vlddyka (root, vlad ; by some of the Eastern Slavonic peoples used to signify a bishop).

general, common, spolecny ; root pol See previous re- marks.

father, otec (root ot. Cf. Gothic atta\

to govern, direct, spravovati.

the estate, jmlni.

to give orders, regulate, nari- zovati,

which were necessary, of which there was need, hho bylo potreba ; although potreba is a feminine noun, yet bylo coming before is used in the neuter by a common Sla- vonic idiom.

EXERCISE XV.

The Emperor Rudolf II was not equal in mental gifts either to his father or his grandfather. Although on his coming to the throne he was barely twenty-four years of age, he was already dilatory and melancholy. Unwillingly he occupied himself with the affairs of State-government, but his predeces- sors had unwillingly abandoned them to others. His recreation consisted in scientific and artistic labours. He amused himself with chemistry and astronomy, painting and sculpture. He made great collections of antiquities ; he kept at his palace many scholars and artists, especially the two most celebrated astronomers of that century, Tycho Brahe and afterwards Kepler. But science and art were to him nothing but a private recreation, which resulted in astrological superstitions and delusions about making gold. For the real promotion and development of science and art he took no care at all. In his youth he had been for a long time brought up in Spain at the court of his uncle Philip, and was entirely devoted to the

EXERCISES

107

(Roman) Catholic religion, but the carelessness of his disposi- tion did not allow him to labour heartily for the progress of the (Roman) Catholic Church, nor actively to prevent the further spread of Protestantism. And so in religious matters Bohemia remained for a long time in her previous condition.

to be equal, rovnati se (add

negative to verb). gift, nddani\ use noun in sin-

gular.

mind, spirit, duch, s.m- neither — nor, ani — ant. grandfather, did. although, ackoliv. he was twenty-four years old ;

translate, ' to him was (bylo,

neut.) twenty-four of years/ at most (lit. at first), teprv. to be, byvati (iterative aspect of

already, then,/$, tehddl.

dilatory, vahavy.

melancholy, trudnomysly (trud — my si).

unwillingly, nevad.

to occupy oneself, zandseti se.

affair, zdle%itost. The termi- nation of the instr. plur. in -mi is one of the charac- teristics in which Bohemian is nearer to Old Slavonic than Russian ; the latter has only a few of these forms.

government, direction, zprava.

State, belonging to, stdtni, adj.

predecessor, predce.

to abandon, zanechdvati.

recreation, favourite pursuit, zalibeni.

scientific, vldecky.

artistic, umllecky.

to amuse or occupy oneself, baviti. Cf. Russ. 3a-6aBJieme. In the original, for emphasis, / is added to the past tense of the verb.

chemistry, chemie.

astronomy, hvlzddrstvi (from hvezda, a star ; Russ. SBfe^a).

painting, malovdm (from Ger. malen; Ge-malde).

sculpture, rezdni.

to make, lay the foundations of, zaloziti.

great, veliky.

collection, sbzrka, s.f. (h.sbirati, to collect ; brati, see 5th conj. of verbs ; same as Lat. fero, and used very widely. Cf. Russ. co-6opt, a cathe- dral; co6panie, a collection).

io8

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

various, rozlicny.

antiquities, in original memor- able things, pamatny; a word already explained.

to maintain, chovati.

many scholars, mnohe ucene.

an artist, umelec.

celebrated, famous, slavny (slava, glory, not the deriva- tion of the name of the Slavs, as is sometimes said, that being rather from slovo, a word, and thus comes to mean the men who speak intelligibly, in contradistinc- tion to the German, who was primarily to the Slavs nemec, or the dumb man).

an astronomer, hvezddr ; ~ar, frequently the termination for the male agent, but more frequent in Hohemian and in the Western Slavonic lan- guages than in the Eastern.

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601).

Kepler (1571-1630).

afterwards, pozdeji.

art, umem, s.n.

were only, nebyly nicim jinym nez. Remember the rule on the use of two negatives.

personal or private, osobni (oso- ba, a person, fr. o-sob-a, same root as soil, &c.).

amusement, zdbava. Cf. baviti.

besides that, mimo to.

to result, prevrhovati '• -vrch, summit, as we say ' culmin- ated in.'

also, tak/.

superstition, povcra. Observe use of po.

delusion, klam, s.m.

the manufacture, deldni.

gold, zlato, s.n.

real, skulecny (skutek, a fact).

promotion, povznesem, s.n., a verbal noun ; po-vz (voz, up) -nes, to bring, to carry.

development, spreading, ex- pansion, rozsireni.

to exert oneself, starati.

thereby, pritom ; derived from pri and torn.

during, za. For the use of za to denote duration of time see prepositions. It is also a common use in Polish.

youth, mlddt, s.n.

longer, delsi.

bring up, to maintain, chovati (vide supra).

Spain, Spanely. The form is the plural, used in so many names of countries.

uncle, stryc.

to devote, oddati.

entirely, cele, a word the root

EXERCISES

109

of which has already

explained, carelessness or sluggishness,

liknavost.

disposition, pohava. neither — nor, ani — ani%. very much, pnlu (root Its).

Cf. Russ. jfflinHLifi, super- fluous; cjinm - KOMI,, too

much, &c. warmly, eagerly, horlivy \ root

hor, to burn, to labour, exert oneself for, za-

sazovati (root sad, to sit).

Other aspect zdsaditi. progress, prosplch. to protect, brdniti (vide supra),

or keep off, restrain, vehemently, vigorously, hrube

(lit. coarsely), further, dalsi, comp. of ddlny,

far (~ny, like ky, common

adjectival termination; root

dal\ spread, lirem, s.n.

Protestantism, protestanlsvi. In the original, h'reni se pro- teslantsvi, where the noun keeps the reflexive, which belongs to the verb. Cf. such expressions in Polish :

Ale serce u moiojc6w Niezlgknie sie TurkSw.

' But the hearts of the young men do not fear the Turks.' In some of the Slavonic lan- guages we still find the nouns governing the same cases as their verbs, and preserving other characteristics of verbs. Cf. Lat. Quid hanc rem tactio.

and so (on this account), pro- toL

religious matters (matters of religion) : matter, vie.

during a long time, za (with accus.).

condition, stav.

EXERCISE XVI.

Literature, the fruits of which from the invention of printing were abundantly spread among the people, comprehended at that time the more widely-spread branches of popular know- ledge, but did not display either originality or solidity ; there were but few writers whose works rose above mediocrity. The

no

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

language only was purified, and attained great fl<?\-jW*y :•• prose compositions. After Daniel Adam Veleslavin, the most prominent author of the age of Rudolf on the Utraquist side, the Bohemian Brothers performed the greatest services for the purity of the language. From their school issued the first profound investigator of the Bohemian language, Jan Blahoslav, and the Utraquist Bible, in six parts, edited by the Brothers, is an eternal monument of the beauty of the Bohemian lan- guage. The Bohemian schools of the time, in the superin- tendence of which the local communes especially exerted them- selves, were adequate for the diffusion of the most necessary knowledge of letters. The teachers appointed over them by the University of Prague, in the larger and smaller towns, were almost throughout masters of arts and bachelors of arts of those branches of learning ; but the university itself remained in a neglected state, and did not offer opportunities for the acquisition of scientific knowledge corresponding to the progress at that time in other countries. For all the pleasure taken by the Emperor Rudolf in artistic amusements, the fine arts were also in a state of decay. There were no native architects at all who could be compared to their predecessors of the time of Vladislav II ; certainly the most important build- ings were for the most part erected by architects summoned from foreign countries.

fruit, plod, s.m.

discovery, vznalezeni, s.n.

the press, ttsk ; tisk-arna, print- ing-press. In Polish instead of a native name we have drukarnia, and in Russian

vigorously, abundantly, sndze. An instance of an adverb

compounded of a preposi- tion and substantive ; snaha, f., effort, exertion, to spread, rozsirovati (root sir) ; people, lid, s.m. (same root as Ger. Leute). Translate, 'spread themselves into the people,' v lid, as we might say in Lat. in populum.

EXERCISES

in

to comprehend, embrace, osdh- nouti (fr. o and root sah, to touch.) Cf. Russ. fto-cyrB, npn-Cflra. The nu disap- pears in the past tense, as is so often the case with verbs of this conjugation.

at that time, translate by gen.

widely-spread, manifold, roz- manity.

branches, odvetvi, s.n. ; use singular.

popular, lidsky.

knowledge, vedeni, s.n.

to develop, vynikati, vyniknouti. The first aspect will be the correct one to use here, i.e. ' was in the habit of de- veloping originality/ puvod- nost.

solidity, thoroughness, duklad- nost (root klad}.

few writers ; use malo with gen. plur. of noun.

work, dilo, s.n.

to rise, povzne'sti (po-vz-nesti, verb of the ist conj.).

above, nad.

mediocrity, prostrednosf. The root of this verb has been already explained.

only, toliko.

purify, tribiti (probably derived from the Ger. treiben}.

to attain, dosahovati '; takes genitive, as many other com- pounds of do-.

prose (adj.), prosaicky.

flexibility, ohtbnosf (root heb\ Cf. Russ. ra<5.

after, vedle.

Veleslavin (translate by z Vele- slavma, the way in which the place from which a man took his title is expressed, corre- sponding to the Ger. von and the Fr. de, as is also cus- tomary in Polish. Thus cf. the full name of the Bohe- mian patriot Harant, author of an interesting account of travels in the Holy Land. Harant, z Polzic a z Bezdru- ztc; so also the rhymster, Lomnicky z Budce].

prominent, predni.

writer, spisovateL

of Rudolf; use the possessive form of the adj., Rudolfov.

the Utraquist side, strana pod obojt, from oboje.

to perform the greatest ser- vices; translate, 'had the greatest merit/

merit, zdsluha.

purity, tistota, s.f.

language, ret, s.f., in the sense of style, form of expression,

112

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

as opposed tojazyk, the mere spoken language.

brother, bratr, m. See remarks s. v. on the irreg. plur. of this word.

school, skola.

profound, thorough, dukladny.

investigator, badatel.

of Bohemian language ; trans- late, 'in Bohemian gram- mar,' mluvnictvi) as used in an abstracted sense; the word for an actual grammar is mluvnice ; root mluv.

in six parts, sestidilny.

Bible, Bibli^.l h&&KrdlicMt Utraquist.

to edit, publish, vydati.

is, translate ' has become/ stdti se.

monument, pomnik. Put this and the accompanying adjec- tive in the predicative instr.

beauty, lepotvdrnosf^ or beauty of construction lep- and tvar-. Cf. adj. ivdrny, well-made, well-formed.

local or belonging to the towns, municipal, mestsky.

the commune, obec, s.f.

especially, nejvfc.

to exert oneself, petovati. The root of this word explained supra.

superintendence, opatreni.

to be adequate, to furnish suffi- cient, staciti dosti.

for, k.

necessary, potrebny.

literary, belonging to letters, literni; especially with the idea of rudimentary know- ledge.

knowledge, sndmost, s.f.; zna, to know.

a teacher, ucilel. See previous notes on root uc, which en- ters into so many words.

to appoint, -settle, dosazovati ; other aspect, dosaditi (root sad, same as Lat. sedeo).

over them, or to them, k mm.

of Prague, Prazsky.

were ; use iterative.

a town or city, mesto, s.n.

a little town, mlstetko. The Bohemian language, as is the case with all the Slavonic languages, is rich in the use of diminutives.

almost (lit. quickly), skoro (same root as English sheer).

throughout, veskrz (two pre- positions compounded).

master of arts, mistr. Abridged from magtster, and illus- trating the way in which

EXERCISES

our own ' mister ' has been formed.

bachelors of arts, bakaldr (from the mediaeval Latin, which has been introduced into so many languages ; the prob- able origin of the word is baccarius, a man who keeps cows. See glossary to Stubbs' Select Charters).

Study, branch of learning, ucem, s.n.

itself, sam.

to neglect, zanedbati za-ne-dbati\ use past part, pass., which has almost become an ad- jective.

to offer, poskytovati (negative in composition with verb).

opportunity, prilezitost\ s.f.

for, k.

acquisition, nabyti, s.n.

knowledge, zndmost.

corresponding to, die.

progress, advance, pokrok (po- krok).

of that (time), tehdejli.

for all the pleasure taken by the Emperor, pri vsem zali- beni cis. See remarks on use of pri among Preposi- tions.

was (found itself), nachazelo se.

the fine arts, vytvarne umeni.

decay, upadek (root pad, to fall).

native, domaci.

there were (translate, ' there was not of).

at all, naskrze.

to compare, rovnati.

predecessor, predchudce (root chod, to go).

important, famous, znamenity; root zna, to know. Cf. znd- most, and many other com- pounds.

building, stavba.

for the most part, especially, jmenovite' (jmeno, a name).

to erect, #<&tf (translate, ' archi- tects summoned erected/ thus avoiding the passive form in agreement with the genius of the Slavonic lan- guages).

for the most part, vlfsim dilem (vide supra).

architect, builder, stavitel.

to summon, povolati.

a foreign country, cizina. Cf. this termination with such forms w&pofttwa, the Polish language, &c.

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

EXERCISE XVII.

King Vladislav meanwhile at Buda, only now in the 3ist year of his reign, had married Anne de Foix, the niece of the French king, Louis XII, who first gave birth to a daughter named Anne and afterwards a son, Louis (1505). Vladislav, having secured from the Hungarian and Bohemian Estates that this son, even while a child, should be acknowledged as his successor in the kingdoms, came in the year 1509, for the third time after his election to the Hungarian kingdom, to Prague, where Louis, who was just three years of age, was crowned. During his stay in Bohemia, which on this occasion lasted a whole year, he again raised a commotion among the Estates in his presence and again issued orders contrary to the wishes of the cities. The displeasure of the burghers increased even more in con- sequence of an accidental occurrence, when there arose at Prague a sanguinary quarrel between the Hungarian nobles and their dependents and the common people, in which sixteen Hungarians lost their lives ; whose death the king avenged by many cruel executions, flaying, impalement, and other kinds of torture, up to that time unheard of in Bohemia.

meanwhile, mezitim.

Buda, Budin ; now more often called Pesth from the more modern part of the dupli- cate city.

only now, teprv.

to marry, vstoupili v mauzelstvi (from the O.H.G.mdl, mahal; cf.also the Polish malzenstwo, and cognate words).

to enter upon marriage with, s with instr.

niece, sestrenice (daughter of

the sister). French, francouzsky. Louis, Ludvik. to give birth to, poroditi ; add

jemu.

a daughter, dcera, s.f. by namG,jme'nem. to obtain, obdrzeti. of the Estates (translate, ' in the

Estates ' ; Estate, stav, m.). Hungarian, Uhersky.

EXERCISES

even while a child (translate, 'in childish age'; childish, dttskf).

accepted, acknowledged, prijat. See previous explanations of this word : the past part, pass, of prijiti, to take, now more often found in the form prijmouti) the m repre- senting a suppressed nasal.

successor, nastupce (root stup, step; hence, follower).

kingdom, krdlovstvi.

to arrive, come, prijiti (fr. jiti, to go). See ist conj.

in the year ; use gen. for point of time.

the third time, potreti.

election, zvoleni.

to Prague, do Prahy.

three years of age ; use adjec- tive trilety.

to crown, korunovati.

during, za.

stay, prebyvdnz, s.n.

this time, tentokrdt. Cf. corre- sponding forms, stokrdt, a hundred times.

to last, potrvati.

the whole, cely (our whole ; Ger. heit).

to raise, take, vziti.

commotion, rozepre.

among, mezi.

to order, issue orders, yypo- vldlti.

against, proti.

the wishes, prdni, s.n.

displeasure, nelibosf.

burgher, mesfan.

to increase, rozmnoziti se.

accidental, nahodily.

occurrence, prihoda.

to arise, break out, strhnouti se ; use the past tense without the syllable nu. The 2nd conj. is here used for the momentaneous aspect.

sanguinary, krvavy (krev, flood; Lat. cru-or; Gr.

Kpeas).

riot or outbreak, rvacka, from the root rva, to tear.

nobleman, dvoran (dvorec, the court ; dvordk, the man who takes care of the court, the porter; also in names of places, as Krdlove dvur, Koniginhof, Queen's Court).

dependents, attendants, celed, f., used collectively, but may also be used in plural.

common, obecny.

sixteen Hungarians were killed, 1 6 Uhrupfislo o ztvot. The neuter is used, although lestndct is really a feminine substantive by a Slavonic

I 2

n6

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

idiom already explained. It occurs more frequently when the verb is at the beginning of the sentence.

to lose life, prijiti o Zivol, a German idiom which has been adopted by Bohemian, and has been already ex- plained.

death, smrt.

to avenge, pomstiti (revenge,

pomsta). severe, ukrutny. execution, poprava. flaying, dreni. Cf. Gk. Stpfiv. impalement, strkdni. na kul. up to that time, dotud. unheard of, neslychany, a past

part, converted into an adj.

(slychati, to hear frequently).

EXERCISE XVIII.

In such a position of Bohemian affairs, and even greater disturbances in the kingdom of Hungary, Sultan Soliman under- took the new expedition against Hungary with his whole military force, which had been expected with terror for so many years. King Louis, seeking assistance in all the neighbouring countries, anxiously demanded also in the Bohemian Estates that they should aid him with the muster of troops promised during his stay in the country. But in this also the highest authorities showed themselves ill-disposed to him. Leo of Rozmital wished to bring the matter before the Assembly of the country, but it was not at all possible to call it together on account of the exasperation of the (different) parties one against the other. In answer to the eager desire of the king, the Rosenberg party finally resolved, from a meeting held among themselves, to go to the assistance of the king. Another party then agreed to the same course, but purposely protracted the military preparations till it was too late. When first a certain part of the Bohemian auxiliaries, in a scattered manner proceeding to Hungary, had forced their way to the king's camp, a battle was fought, through the senseless arrogance of

EXERCISES

117

the Hungarian lords at Muhac, with a force of the Turks about twelve times stronger. The Christian soldiery suffered in the course of an hour-and-a-half a complete sanguinary defeat; and King Louis, who was twenty years of age, perished in the retreat, being drowned together with his horse in a deep stream which had overflowed (Aug. 29th).

such, takovy.

position, postaveni.

disturbance, zmatek.

to undertake, predsevziti (pred-

se-vziti, to take), many, koh'k, taking the gen.

after it. terror, strach. to expect, ocekavati. expedition, u-tok. to, na; used like the Lat. in

with the accusative, force, moc.

to seek, look for, hledeti. assistance, pomoc ; use plural, neighbouring, okolni (pkolo,

around ; cf. kolo, a wheel), to demand, zddati. in the, na. to aid, prisplti.

muster of tTOOps,verejnd/iotovos/. to promise, slibiti. stay, prebyvdm. authority, magistrate, urednik. ill-disposed, neochotny; use here

the predicative instr.

Leo of Rozmital, Lev z, with the genitive. This form of Bohemian proper names has already been explained.

to bring before, vzndseti.

before, na (lit. to).

assembly of the country, snem zemsfy; snem, the assembly. -em is connected with jiti^ to take, the n being merely added, as is seen in other forms of the verb. The cor- responding Polish term is Sejm.

to call together, sbirati. Cf. Russ. co6op"L, coOpame.

it was not possible, nebylo mozne.

altogether, vsak.

on account of, pro.

exasperation, rozezleni (roz-zlo, evil).

a party, strana.

one against the other, na sebe.

in answer to, k.

eager, snazny (snaha).

desire, zddost.

n8

BOHEMIAN GRAMMAR

king, of or belonging to, krdluv.

to resolve, uzavriti.

finally, konecne (konec, the end).

of Rosenberg, Rosenbersky. The name of a very impor- tant Bohemian family, which frequently figures in the an- nals of the country.

meeting, sjezd (se- and jezd, same root